Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. plāk-, plāg-, also plēk-, plēg- 'to hit, beat, fling'
Semantic Field(s): to Hit, Strike, Beat, to Throw
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | apoplexie | n | apoplexy | W7 |
| compleynen | vb | to complain | W7 | |
| flingen, flengen | vb | to fling | W2I | |
| plage | n | plague | W7 | |
| plaint | n | plaint | W7 | |
| English: | apoplexy | n | stroke, sudden loss/diminution of motion/sensation/consciousness | AHD/W7 |
| cataplexy | n | sudden loss of muscle control due to strong emotion | AHD/W7 | |
| complain | vb.intrans | to express pain/grief/discontent | AHD/W7 | |
| complaint | n | expression of pain/grief/dissatisfaction | W9 | |
| fling, flung | vb.str | to hurl, throw; rush/spring with haste/violence | AHD/W2I | |
| paraplegia | n | lower-body paralysis | AHD/W7 | |
| plague | n | wound, blow; calamity, dire affliction | AHD/W7 | |
| plague | vb | to afflict; annoy | TLL | |
| plaint | n | wail, lamentation | AHD/W7 | |
| plangent | adj | having loud reverberating sound | AHD/W7 | |
| plankton | n | plant/animal life drifting in water | AHD/W7 | |
| plectrum | n | small pick for stringed instrument | AHD/W7 | |
| plexor | n | small rubber-headed hammer | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | fluokhōn | vb | to curse | W7 |
| German: | Kataplexie | n | cataplexy | W7 |
| Plankton | n | plankton | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | flā | vb | to flay | W7 |
| flengja | vb | to whip | W7 | |
| Danish: | plage | vb | to plague | LRC |
| Swedish: | plåga | vb | to plague | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | plāga | n.fem | plague, stroke | W7 |
| plangens, plangentis | adj/vb.ptc | lamenting | W7 | |
| plango, plangere, planxi, planctum | vb | to beat, strike; lament, bewail | W7 | |
| plectrum | n.neut | plectrum | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | complango, complangere | vb | to complain | W7 |
| Late Latin: | apoplexia | n.fem | apoplexy | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | plagalis | adj | consistent in strikes | W7 |
| New Latin: | paraplegia | n.fem | paraplegia | W7 |
| Portuguese: | praga | n | wound | TLL |
| Spanish: | llaga | n | wound | TLL |
| Old French: | apoplexie | n | apoplexy | AHD |
| Middle French: | complaindre | vb | to complain | W7 |
| plage | n.fem | blow | W7 | |
| plaint | n.masc | plaint, complaint | W7 | |
| French: | apoplexie | n.fem | apoplexy | W7 |
| plaie | n | wound | TLL | |
| Italian: | piaga | n | wound | TLL |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | plakati, plačǫ, plačeši | vb | to weep, mourn | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | πλάζω | vb | to strike, drive astray | LRC |
| πλήσσω | vb | to beat, strike | LRC | |
| Greek: | apoplēxia | n.fem | apoplexy | W7 |
| apoplēssein | vb | to cripple via stroke | W7 | |
| kataplēxis | n.fem | cataplexy | W7 | |
| kataplēssein | vb | to strike down, terrify | W7 | |
| paraplēgiē | n.fem | paraplegia | W7 | |
| plazesthai | vb | to drift, wander | W7 | |
| planktos | adj | drifting | W7 | |
| plēktron | n.neut | plectrum | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
| W9 | = | Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1983) |