Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: plā̆t-, plā̆d-, plē̆t-, plō̆t-, plət- 'flat, wide, broad; spread out'
Semantic Field(s): Flat, Wide, Broad, to Strew, Spread Out
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | cland | n.fem | plant, offspring | IED/W7 |
Scots Gaelic: | clann | n.fem | clan, offspring | GE/W7 |
English | ||||
Old English: | flet(t) | n.neut | floor, ground underfoot | ASD/IEW |
plante | n.fem | plant, shoot | ASD/W7 | |
plantian | vb | to plant | W7 | |
Middle English: | clan | n | clan | W7 |
flat | adj | flat | W7 | |
flateren | vb | to flatter | W7 | |
flet | n | flat, ground underfoot | OED | |
flounder | n | flounder | W7 | |
place | n | place | W7 | |
plaice | n | plaice | W7 | |
plane | n | plane | W7 | |
plantain | n | plantain | W7 | |
plante | n | plant | W7 | |
planten | vb | to plant | W7 | |
plate | n | plate | W7 | |
supplanten | vb | to supplant | W7 | |
transplaunten | vb | to transplant | W7 | |
English: | clan | n | Celtic households claiming patrilineal descent from common ancestor | AHD/W7 |
flan | n | custard dessert | AHD | |
flat | adj | having continuous horizontal surface | AHD/W7 | |
flat | n | floor/story/apartment in building | W7 | |
flatter | vb | to praise excessively | AHD/W7 | |
flet | n | tree house in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
flounder | n | type of flatfish | AHD/W7 | |
piazza | n | open square in Italian/European town | AHD/W7 | |
place | n | way for transit/admission | AHD/W7 | |
plaice | n | flatfish | AHD/W7 | |
plan | n | drawing/diagram (on flat surface) | AHD/W7 | |
plane | n | tree with palmately lobed leaves | AHD/W7 | |
plant | n | young tree/vine/shrub/herb | AHD/W7 | |
plant | vb | to put/set in ground for growth | AHD/W7 | |
plantain | n | short-stemmed herb with elliptical leaves | AHD/W7 | |
plantar | adj | re: sole of foot | AHD/W7 | |
plate | n | thin flat piece of smooth material | AHD/W7 | |
plateau | n | tableland, raised land area with level surface | AHD/W7 | |
platina | n | (impure natural) platinum | AHD | |
platinum | n | heavy grayish white precious metal | AHD/W7 | |
platitude | n | triteness, being dull/insipid | AHD/W7 | |
platy | n | small stocky Mexican topminnow | AHD/W7 | |
plaza | n | public square in city/town | AHD/W7 | |
supplant | vb.trans | to supersede (esp. by force/treachery) | AHD/W7 | |
transplant | vb | to lift/reset (a plant) in different soil/location | AHD/W7 | |
Scots English: | flet(t) | n | house | ASD |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | flet | n | house | ASD |
Dutch: | plaats | n | place, city | TLL |
Old Saxon: | flet(ti) | n.neut | hall, (floor of) house | ASD |
Low German: | flet | n | bedroom in upper floor of peasant's house | ASD |
Old High German: | flaz | adj | flat | W7 |
pflanza | n | plant | ASD | |
pflanzōn | vb | to plant | ASD | |
Middle High German: | vletze | n.neut | floor | ASD |
German: | Flunder | n.fem | flounder | LRC |
Pflanze | n.fem | plant | LRC | |
pflanzen | vb | to plant | LRC | |
Platz | n | plaza | TLL | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | flatr | adj | flat | W7 |
flet | n.neut | boards of hall used for seating | LRC | |
flyþra | n | flounder | W7 | |
Old Icelandic: | flatr | adj | flat, level | RPN |
Icelandic: | flet | n.neut | house, set of rooms | ASD |
planta | n | plant | ASD | |
planta | vb | to plant | ASD | |
Danish: | plads | n | plaza | TLL |
Swedish: | flundra | n | plaice, flounder | TLL |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | planta | n.fem | green twig/graft/cutting; sole of foot | W7 |
plantago, plantaginis | n.fem | type of weed | W7 | |
plantaris | adj | re: sole of foot | W7 | |
planto, plantāre | vb | to plant | W7 | |
planum | n.neut | flat ground | W7 | |
planus | adj | flat, plain | W7 | |
platanus | n.fem | platane, plane tree | W7 | |
platea | n.fem | broad street | W7 | |
supplanto, supplantare | vb | to overthrow by tripping up | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | plattus | adj | broad, flat | W7 |
Late Latin: | planto, plantāre | vb | to plant, fix in place | W7 |
platensis | n.fem | type of flatfish | W7 | |
transplanto, transplantāre | vb | to plant somewhere else | W7 | |
New Latin: | platinum | n.neut | metallic element | W7 |
Platypoecilus | n.masc | (genus name) | W7 | |
Old Spanish: | plata | n.fem | silver | W7 |
Spanish: | plata | n.fem | silver | W7 |
platina | n.fem | platinum | W7 | |
plaza | n.fem | plaza | W7 | |
Old French: | flaon | n | flan | AHD |
plaïs | n.masc | plaice (flatfish) | W7 | |
plantain | n.masc | type of weed | W7 | |
plat | adj | flat | W7 | |
plate | n.fem | plate, (piece of) silver | W7 | |
Middle French: | place | n.fem | open space | W7 |
plat | adj | flat | W7 | |
plat | n.masc | dish, plate | W7 | |
plateau | n.masc | platter | W7 | |
supplanter | vb | to supplant | W7 | |
French: | flan | n | flan | AHD |
plafond | n | ceiling | LRC | |
plan | n.masc | plan | W7 | |
plane | n.masc | platane, plane tree | W7 | |
planter | vb | to plant, fix in place | W7 | |
plat | adj | dull, flat | W7 | |
plateau | n.masc | platter | W7 | |
platitude | n.fem | platitude | W7 | |
Italian: | piazza | n.fem | market, piazza | W7 |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | platanos | n.fem | platane, plane tree | W7 |
πλατεῖα | n.fem | open space | LS | |
πλατύς | adj | flat, wide, broad | RPN | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | pṛthu | adj | broad | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
GE | = | Colin Mark: The Gaelic-English Dictionary (2003) |
IED | = | Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |