Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: plā̆t-, plā̆d-, plē̆t-, plō̆t-, plət- 'flat, wide, broad; spread out'
Semantic Field(s): Flat, Wide, Broad, to Strew, Spread Out
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | cland | n.fem | plant, offspring | IED/W7 |
| Scots Gaelic: | clann | n.fem | clan, offspring | GE/W7 |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | flet(t) | n.neut | floor, ground underfoot | ASD/IEW |
| plante | n.fem | plant, shoot | ASD/W7 | |
| plantian | vb | to plant | W7 | |
| Middle English: | clan | n | clan | W7 |
| flat | adj | flat | W7 | |
| flateren | vb | to flatter | W7 | |
| flet | n | flat, ground underfoot | OED | |
| flounder | n | flounder | W7 | |
| place | n | place | W7 | |
| plaice | n | plaice | W7 | |
| plane | n | plane | W7 | |
| plantain | n | plantain | W7 | |
| plante | n | plant | W7 | |
| planten | vb | to plant | W7 | |
| plate | n | plate | W7 | |
| supplanten | vb | to supplant | W7 | |
| transplaunten | vb | to transplant | W7 | |
| English: | clan | n | Celtic households claiming patrilineal descent from common ancestor | AHD/W7 |
| flan | n | custard dessert | AHD | |
| flat | adj | having continuous horizontal surface | AHD/W7 | |
| flat | n | floor/story/apartment in building | W7 | |
| flatter | vb | to praise excessively | AHD/W7 | |
| flet | n | tree house in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| flounder | n | type of flatfish | AHD/W7 | |
| piazza | n | open square in Italian/European town | AHD/W7 | |
| place | n | way for transit/admission | AHD/W7 | |
| plaice | n | flatfish | AHD/W7 | |
| plan | n | drawing/diagram (on flat surface) | AHD/W7 | |
| plane | n | tree with palmately lobed leaves | AHD/W7 | |
| plant | n | young tree/vine/shrub/herb | AHD/W7 | |
| plant | vb | to put/set in ground for growth | AHD/W7 | |
| plantain | n | short-stemmed herb with elliptical leaves | AHD/W7 | |
| plantar | adj | re: sole of foot | AHD/W7 | |
| plate | n | thin flat piece of smooth material | AHD/W7 | |
| plateau | n | tableland, raised land area with level surface | AHD/W7 | |
| platina | n | (impure natural) platinum | AHD | |
| platinum | n | heavy grayish white precious metal | AHD/W7 | |
| platitude | n | triteness, being dull/insipid | AHD/W7 | |
| platy | n | small stocky Mexican topminnow | AHD/W7 | |
| plaza | n | public square in city/town | AHD/W7 | |
| supplant | vb.trans | to supersede (esp. by force/treachery) | AHD/W7 | |
| transplant | vb | to lift/reset (a plant) in different soil/location | AHD/W7 | |
| Scots English: | flet(t) | n | house | ASD |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | flet | n | house | ASD |
| Dutch: | plaats | n | place, city | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | flet(ti) | n.neut | hall, (floor of) house | ASD |
| Low German: | flet | n | bedroom in upper floor of peasant's house | ASD |
| Old High German: | flaz | adj | flat | W7 |
| pflanza | n | plant | ASD | |
| pflanzōn | vb | to plant | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | vletze | n.neut | floor | ASD |
| German: | Flunder | n.fem | flounder | LRC |
| Pflanze | n.fem | plant | LRC | |
| pflanzen | vb | to plant | LRC | |
| Platz | n | plaza | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | flatr | adj | flat | W7 |
| flet | n.neut | boards of hall used for seating | LRC | |
| flyþra | n | flounder | W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | flatr | adj | flat, level | RPN |
| Icelandic: | flet | n.neut | house, set of rooms | ASD |
| planta | n | plant | ASD | |
| planta | vb | to plant | ASD | |
| Danish: | plads | n | plaza | TLL |
| Swedish: | flundra | n | plaice, flounder | TLL |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | planta | n.fem | green twig/graft/cutting; sole of foot | W7 |
| plantago, plantaginis | n.fem | type of weed | W7 | |
| plantaris | adj | re: sole of foot | W7 | |
| planto, plantāre | vb | to plant | W7 | |
| planum | n.neut | flat ground | W7 | |
| planus | adj | flat, plain | W7 | |
| platanus | n.fem | platane, plane tree | W7 | |
| platea | n.fem | broad street | W7 | |
| supplanto, supplantare | vb | to overthrow by tripping up | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | plattus | adj | broad, flat | W7 |
| Late Latin: | planto, plantāre | vb | to plant, fix in place | W7 |
| platensis | n.fem | type of flatfish | W7 | |
| transplanto, transplantāre | vb | to plant somewhere else | W7 | |
| New Latin: | platinum | n.neut | metallic element | W7 |
| Platypoecilus | n.masc | (genus name) | W7 | |
| Old Spanish: | plata | n.fem | silver | W7 |
| Spanish: | plata | n.fem | silver | W7 |
| platina | n.fem | platinum | W7 | |
| plaza | n.fem | plaza | W7 | |
| Old French: | flaon | n | flan | AHD |
| plaïs | n.masc | plaice (flatfish) | W7 | |
| plantain | n.masc | type of weed | W7 | |
| plat | adj | flat | W7 | |
| plate | n.fem | plate, (piece of) silver | W7 | |
| Middle French: | place | n.fem | open space | W7 |
| plat | adj | flat | W7 | |
| plat | n.masc | dish, plate | W7 | |
| plateau | n.masc | platter | W7 | |
| supplanter | vb | to supplant | W7 | |
| French: | flan | n | flan | AHD |
| plafond | n | ceiling | LRC | |
| plan | n.masc | plan | W7 | |
| plane | n.masc | platane, plane tree | W7 | |
| planter | vb | to plant, fix in place | W7 | |
| plat | adj | dull, flat | W7 | |
| plateau | n.masc | platter | W7 | |
| platitude | n.fem | platitude | W7 | |
| Italian: | piazza | n.fem | market, piazza | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | platanos | n.fem | platane, plane tree | W7 |
| πλατεῖα | n.fem | open space | LS | |
| πλατύς | adj | flat, wide, broad | RPN | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | pṛthu | adj | broad | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GE | = | Colin Mark: The Gaelic-English Dictionary (2003) |
| IED | = | Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |