Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: plek̑- 'to ply, pleach, plait, weave'
Semantic Field(s): to Fold, to Plait, to Weave
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | fle(a)x | n.neut | flax | ASD/W7 |
| Middle English: | ap(p)lien, ap(p)lyen | vb | to apply | CDC/W7 |
| complice | n | complice | W7 | |
| displayen | vb | to display | W7 | |
| emploien | vb | to employ | W7 | |
| exploit | n | exploit | W7 | |
| flax | n | flax | W7 | |
| plechen | vb | to pleach | W7 | |
| pleit | n | pleat | W7 | |
| plete | n | plait | W7 | |
| pleten | vb | to pleat | W7 | |
| plien | vb | to ply, bend, fold | W7 | |
| plit | n | plight | W7 | |
| replien | vb | to reply | W7 | |
| splayen | vb | to splay | W7 | |
| English: | amplexicaul | adj | sessile with base/stipules clasping stem | AHD/W7 |
| amplexus | n | amphibian pseudocopulation (male embraces female) | AHD | |
| apply | vb | to put to use (for some practical purpose) | AHD/W7 | |
| complect | vb | to embrace, interweave, join by twining together | AHD/CDC | |
| complex | adj | composite, composed of multiple parts | AHD/W7 | |
| complicate | adj | complex, intricate | AHD/W7 | |
| complice | n | associate | AHD/W7 | |
| deploy | vb | to extend (military unit) esp. in width | AHD/W7 | |
| display | vb | to spread/stretch out | AHD/W7 | |
| employ | vb.trans | to make use of | AHD/W7 | |
| explicate | vb.trans | to give detailed explanation of | AHD/W7 | |
| explicit | adj | with full clear expression | AHD/W7 | |
| exploit | n | act, deed | AHD/W7 | |
| flax | n | slender erect annual herb | AHD/W7 | |
| implicate | vb.trans | to entwine, fold/twist together | AHD/W7 | |
| implicit | adj | implied, able to be understood | AHD/W7 | |
| multiplex | adj | re: multiple parts/elements | AHD | |
| perplexed | adj | puzzled, filled with confusion/bewilderment | AHD | |
| plait | n | pleat | AHD/W7 | |
| plait | vb | to pleat, braid, weave | W7 | |
| pleach | vb.trans | to plait, interlace | AHD/W7 | |
| pleat | n | fold/crease in cloth doubled over | AHD/W7 | |
| pleat | vb.trans | to fold | AHD/W7 | |
| plecopteran | n | stonefly: primitive winged insect | AHD | |
| plectognath | n | fish with bony plates/spines/ossicles | AHD/W7 | |
| plexus | n | network of interlacing nerves/blood vessels | AHD/W7 | |
| pliant | adj | pliable, easily bent/flexed | AHD | |
| plica | n | fold, folded part | AHD/W7 | |
| plicate | adj | folded lengthwise (like fan) | AHD/W7 | |
| plight | n | state, condition | AHD/W7 | |
| plisse | n | textile with permanently puckered designs | AHD/W7 | |
| ply | vb.trans | to twist together | AHD/W7 | |
| replicate | vb.trans | to repeat, duplicate | AHD/W7 | |
| reply | vb | to respond in words/writing | AHD/W7 | |
| splay | vb | to expand, spread out | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | flax | n.neut | flax | ASD |
| Frisian: | flægs | n | flax | ASD |
| Dutch: | vlas | n.neut | flax | ASD |
| Low German: | flass | n.neut | flax | ASD |
| Old High German: | flahs | n.masc | flax | ASD |
| flehtan | vb | to braid | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | vlahs | n.masc | flax | ASD |
| German: | Flachs | n.masc | flax | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | amplector, amplectī | vb.dep | to entwine, embrace | W7 |
| amplexus | vb.ptc | entwined, embraced | W7 | |
| applico, applicāre | vb | to study, apply something to | W7 | |
| caulis | n.masc | stem, stalk, cabbage | W7 | |
| complector, complecti | vb.dep | to embrace, comprise (multiple objects) | W7 | |
| complexus | vb.ptc | embraced, comprised in | W7 | |
| complicatus | vb.ptc | folded together, confused | W7 | |
| complico, complicare | vb | to fold together, confuse | W7 | |
| displico, displicāre | vb | to scatter | W7 | |
| explicatus | vb.ptc | unfolded, explained | W7 | |
| explicitus | vb.ptc | deployed, explained | W7 | |
| explico, explicare | vb | to unfold, explain | W7 | |
| implicatus | vb.ptc | enfolded, entangled | W7 | |
| implicitus | vb.ptc | enfolded, entangled | W7 | |
| implico, implicare, implicāvi, implicātum | vb | to enfold, cling to | W7 | |
| implico, implicare, implicui, implicitum | vb | to enfold, entangle | W7 | |
| plecto, plectere | vb | to braid, twine, weave | W7 | |
| plexus | n.masc | braid, network | W7 | |
| plexus | vb.ptc | involved, threaded | W7 | |
| plicatus | vb.ptc | folded | W7 | |
| plico, plicare, plicāvi, plicātum | vb | to fold (together) | W7 | |
| plico, plicare, plicui, plicitum | vb | to fold (together) | W7 | |
| replico, replicare | vb | to fold back, turn over | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | plictus | n.masc | fold | W7 |
| plictus | vb.ptc | folded | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | complex | adj | complex, manifold | W7 |
| replicatus | vb.ptc | replicated | W7 | |
| replico, replicare | vb | to replicate | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | explicitus | vb.ptc | unfolded, explained | W7 |
| plica | n.fem | fold (in garment) | W7 | |
| New Latin: | amplexicaulis | adj | with entwined stems | W7 |
| plexus | n.masc | network of interwoven blood vessels | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | applicar | vb | to apply | CDC |
| Spanish: | aplicar | vb | to apply | CDC |
| Old French: | aplier | vb | to apply | CDC |
| exploit | n.masc | exploit, noble deed | W7 | |
| Old North French: | plechier | vb | to plait, braid, interlace | W7 |
| Anglo-French: | despleier | vb | to display | W7 |
| plit | n.masc | pleat | W7 | |
| Middle French: | aplier | vb | to apply | W7 |
| complice | adj | accomplice | W7 | |
| emploier | vb | to employ, involve | W7 | |
| pleit | vb.ptc | pleated | W7 | |
| pli | n.masc | pleat | W7 | |
| plier | vb | to fold, bend | W7 | |
| plisser | vb | to pleat, wrinkle | W7 | |
| replier | vb | to pleat again | W7 | |
| French: | appliquer | vb | to apply | CDC |
| déployer | vb | to deploy | W7 | |
| explicite | adj | explicit | W7 | |
| plissé | vb.ptc | creased, wrinkled, pleated | W7 | |
| plisser | vb | to pleat, crease, wrinkle | W7 | |
| Italian: | applicare | vb | to apply | CDC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | gnathos | n.fem | jaw | W7 |
| plekein | vb | to plait, braid, weave | W7 | |
| plektos | adj | plaited, twisted, woven | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |