Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: pleu- 'to flee, fly, run; flow, swim'
Semantic Field(s): to Fly, to Run, to Flow, to Swim
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | flēgan | vb | to put to flight | W7 |
| flēogan, flēag, flugon, flogen | vb.str.II | to flee, fly | LRC | |
| flēoge | n.fem | fly | W7 | |
| flēon, fliōn | vb.str | to flee, put to flight | ASD/W7 | |
| flēot, flīet | n.masc | where vessels float: river, estuary | ASD/W7 | |
| flēotan | vb.str | to float | ASD/W7 | |
| flīogan | vb.str.II | to flee, fly | ASD | |
| flōd | n.masc/neut | flood | ASD/W7 | |
| flota | n.masc | fleet, ship, vessel | W7 | |
| floterian, flotorian | vb.wk | to float, fly, flutter | ASD/W7 | |
| flotian | vb.wk | to float | ASD/W7 | |
| flōwan | vb.str | to flow | ASD/W7 | |
| -flycge | sfx | fledge | W7 | |
| flyht, fliht | n.masc | flight | ASD/W7 | |
| fugel, fugol, fugul | n.masc | fowl | ASD | |
| Middle English: | flayen | vb | to frighten | W7 |
| flegge | adj | able to fly | W7 | |
| flen | vb | to flee | W7 | |
| flete | n | fleet | W7 | |
| fleten | vb | to fleet | W7 | |
| flie | n | fly | W7 | |
| flien | vb | to fly | W7 | |
| flight | n | flight | W7 | |
| fliht | n | flight | W7 | |
| flitten | vb | to flit | W7 | |
| flood | n | flood | W7 | |
| flote | n | float, boat | W7 | |
| floteren | vb | to float, flutter | W7 | |
| flowen | vb | to flow | W7 | |
| flue | n | flue | AHD | |
| fluht | n | flight | W7 | |
| foul | n | fowl | W7 | |
| plover | n | plover | W7 | |
| pluvyous | adj | pluvious | W7 | |
| English: | fledge | vb | to acquire feathers necessary for flight | AHD/W7 |
| flee, fled | vb.str | to fly, run away from evil/danger | AHD/W7 | |
| fleet | n | creek, shallow inlet | AHD/W7 | |
| fleet | vb | to float | AHD/W7 | |
| flight | n | act/instance of passing through air on wings | AHD/W7 | |
| flight | n | act/instance of fleeing/running away | AHD/W7 | |
| flit | vb.intrans | to go quickly/abruptly from place to place | AHD/W7 | |
| float | n | act/instance of floating; thing that floats | AHD/W7 | |
| Flói | prop.n | dwarf in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| flood | n | rising/overflowing of water (esp. on normally dry land) | AHD/W7 | |
| flotilla | n | fleet of ships | AHD/W7 | |
| flotsam | n | floating wreckage of ship/cargo | AHD/W7 | |
| flow | vb | to move/issue in stream | AHD/W7 | |
| flue | n | fishing net | AHD | |
| flugelhorn | n | bugle with valves | AHD | |
| fluster | vb | to make tipsy | AHD/W7 | |
| flutter | vb | to flap wings rapidly | AHD/W7 | |
| fly, flew, flown | vb | to move in/pass through air using wings | AHD/W7 | |
| fly | n | winged insect | AHD/W7 | |
| fowl | n | bird | AHD/W7 | |
| Greyflood | prop.n | river of Eriador in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| pleuston | n | macroscopic vegetation floating in mats on/near fresh water surface | AHD/W7 | |
| plover | n | shore-dwelling bird with short hard-tipped bill | AHD/W7 | |
| Pluto | prop.n | (planet named for) god of underworld (Greek/Roman mythology) | LRC | |
| plutocracy | n | government by the wealthy | AHD/W7 | |
| plutography | n | media describing lives of rich/famous people | AHD | |
| pluvial | adj | re: rain | AHD/W7 | |
| pluvious | adj | rainy, re: rain | AHD/W7 | |
| pyelitis | n | acute inflammation of kidney pelvis | AHD | |
| Scots English: | fleit, flete | vb | to float, swim | ASD |
| fley | vb.trans | to frighten | W7 | |
| flocht | n | flight | ASD | |
| flote | n | fleet | ASD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | flecht | n.fem | flight | ASD |
| flet | n.neut | river | ASD | |
| flia | vb | to flee, put to flight | ASD | |
| fliaga | vb | to flee, fly | ASD | |
| fliata | vb | to float, swim | ASD | |
| flo(e)d | n.neut | flood | ASD | |
| fugel | n | fowl | ASD | |
| Frisian: | flan | vb | to flee, put to flight | ASD |
| flechte | n | flight | ASD | |
| flega | vb | to flee, fly | ASD | |
| floede | n | flood | ASD | |
| fœggel, fugil | n | fowl | ASD | |
| Middle Dutch: | vluuwe | n | flue | AHD |
| Dutch: | fleugel | n | wing | TLL |
| paraplu | n | umbrella | TLL | |
| vlieden | vb | to flee, put to flight | ASD | |
| vlieg | n.fem | fly | ASD | |
| vliegen | vb | to flee, fly | ASD | |
| vliet | n.masc | rivulet, brook | ASD | |
| vlieten | vb | to float, swim | ASD | |
| vloed | n.masc | flood | ASD | |
| vlœien | vb | to flow, flood | ASD | |
| vloot | n.fem | fleet | ASD | |
| vlugt | n.fem | flight | ASD | |
| vogel | n.masc | fowl | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | fliohan | vb | to flee, put to flight | ASD |
| fliotan | vb | to float, swim | ASD | |
| fliuga | n.fem | fly | ASD | |
| flōd, fluod | n.masc/fem/neut | flood | ASD | |
| fluht | n.fem | flight | ASD | |
| fluot | n.fem | flood | ASD | |
| fugal | n | fowl | ASD | |
| Low German: | fleet | n | small river | ASD |
| flege | n.fem | fly | ASD | |
| flegen | vb | to flee, fly | ASD | |
| fleten | vb | to float, swim | ASD | |
| floien, flojen | vb | to flow, flood | ASD | |
| flood | n.fem | flood | ASD | |
| flugt | n.fem | flight | ASD | |
| flugten | vb | to flee, put to flight | ASD | |
| vagel | n.masc | fowl | ASD | |
| Old High German: | flawjai, flewēn | vb | to flow, flood | ASD |
| fleoga, fliega, fliuga | n.fem | fly | ASD | |
| fleogan, fliugan | vb | to flee, fly | ASD | |
| fleozan, fliuzan | vb | to float, swim | ASD | |
| flioga | n | fly | W7 | |
| fliogan | vb | to fly | W7 | |
| fliohan | vb | to flee | W7 | |
| fliozzan | vb | to float | W7 | |
| fliuhan | vb | to flee, put to flight | ASD | |
| flouwen | vb | to rinse, wash | W7 | |
| flōz | n | raft, stream | W7 | |
| flucki | adj | able to fly | W7 | |
| fluht | n.fem | flight | ASD/W7 | |
| fluot, flōt | n.fem | flood, stream | ASD/W7 | |
| fluz | n.masc | river | ASD | |
| fogal, fugal | n.masc | fowl | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | vlæ(j)en | vb | to flow, flood | ASD |
| vliege | n.fem | fly | ASD | |
| vliegen | vb | to flee, fly | ASD | |
| vliehen | vb | to flee, put to flight | ASD | |
| vliez | n.masc/neut | rivulet | ASD | |
| vliuzen | vb | to float, swim | ASD | |
| vluht | n.fem | flight | ASD | |
| vluot | n.masc/fem | flood | ASD | |
| vogel | n.masc | fowl | ASD | |
| German: | Fliege | n.fem | fly | ASD |
| fliegen | vb | to flee, fly | ASD | |
| fliehen | vb | to flee, put to flight | ASD | |
| fliessen | vb.str | to float, swim | ASD | |
| Flosse | n.fem | fin | TLL | |
| Flotte | n.fem | fleet | ASD | |
| Flucht | n.fem | flight | ASD | |
| Flügel | n.masc | wing | TLL | |
| Flügelhorn | n.neut | trumpet, flugelhorn | LRC | |
| Fluß | n.masc | stream, river, running water | ASD | |
| Fluth | n.fem | flood | ASD | |
| Vogel | n.masc | fowl | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | floti | n.masc | fleet, ship | ASD |
| flóð | n.neut | flood | LRC | |
| flytjask | vb | to move | W7 | |
| fugl | n.masc | fowl | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | flói | n.masc | fen, moor, marsh; firth, bay | ICE/IEW |
| Icelandic: | flaustur | vb | to hurry | W7 |
| fljōt | n.neut | river | ASD | |
| fljōta | vb | to float, swim | ASD | |
| fljūga | vb | to flee, fly | ASD | |
| flōa | vb | to flow, flood | ASD | |
| flōð | n.neut | inundation, deluge | ASD | |
| fluga | n.fem | fly | ASD | |
| flýja | vb | to flee, put to flight | ASD | |
| fogl, fugl | n.masc | fowl | ASD | |
| Danish: | flaade | n.masc/fem | fleet | ASD |
| flod | n.masc/fem | flood | ASD | |
| flue | n.masc/fem | fly | ASD | |
| flugt | n.masc/fem | flight | ASD | |
| flyde | vb | to float, swim | ASD | |
| flye | vb | to flee, put to flight | ASD | |
| flyve | vb | to flee, fly | ASD | |
| fugl | n.masc/fem | fowl | ASD | |
| paraply | n | umbrella | TLL | |
| Swedish: | flod | n.masc | flood, river | ASD |
| flotta | n.fem | fleet | ASD | |
| fluga | n.fem | fly | ASD | |
| fly | vb | to flee, put to flight | ASD | |
| flyga | vb | to flee, fly | ASD | |
| flykt | n.masc | flight | ASD | |
| flyta | vb | to float, swim | ASD | |
| fågel | n.masc | fowl | ASD | |
| paraply | n | umbrella | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | fláutjan | vb.wk.I | to be pretentious | LRC |
| flōdus | n.fem | flood, stream, river | ASD | |
| fugls | n.str.masc | fowl | LRC | |
| þliuhan | vb | to flee, put to flight | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | fluvius, fluviī | n.masc | rain, stream, river | LRC |
| pluo, pluere | vb | to rain | W7 | |
| Pluto, Plutonis | prop.n.masc | Pluto: god of the underworld | W7 | |
| pluvia | n.fem | rain | W7 | |
| pluvialis | adj | re: rain | W7 | |
| pluvi(os)us | adj | rainy | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | pluviarius | adj | re: rain | W7 |
| Portuguese: | chover | vb | to rain | TLL |
| Spanish: | flota | n.fem | fleet | W7 |
| flotilla | n.fem.dim | small fleet | W7 | |
| llover | vb | to rain | TLL | |
| Old French: | flote | n.fem | fleet | W7 |
| Anglo-French: | floteson | n.masc | flotsam | W7 |
| Middle French: | plover | n.masc | plover | W7 |
| French: | parapluie | n.masc | umbrella | LRC |
| pleuvoir | vb | to rain | TLL | |
| pluie | n.fem | rain, shower | LRC | |
| Italian: | piovere | vb | to rain | TLL |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | pláju | vb | to wash | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | pluti | vb | to flow | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | πλέω | vb | to sail | LRC |
| πλώω | vb | to swim, float | LRC | |
| Greek: | planktos | adj | drifting | W7 |
| πλοῖον | n.neut | ship, vessel | LRC | |
| πλουτο-κρᾶτία | n.fem | plutocracy, power of wealth | LRC | |
| πλοῦτος | n.masc | wealth, riches | LRC | |
| Πλούτων | prop.n.masc | Pluto: god of the underworld | LRC | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | luanam | vb | to wash | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | frāvayōit | vb | to swim | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | plávate | vb | to float, swim, fly | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| II | = | class 2 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| ICE | = | Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
