Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: poti-s 'host, husband, lord, master, owner'
Semantic Field(s): Husband, Master
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | impotent | adj | impotent | W7 |
| omnipotent | adj | omnipotent | W7 | |
| possible | adj | possible | W7 | |
| potent | n | crutch | AHD/W7 | |
| power | n | power | W7 | |
| prepotent | adj | prepotent | W7 | |
| English: | bashaw | n | pasha | AHD |
| impotent | adj | helpless, not potent, lacking in power/vigor/strength | AHD/W7 | |
| omnipotent | adj | almighty, with power over everything | AHD/W7 | |
| pasha | n | man of high rank; Ottoman title of honor/distinction | AHD/W7 | |
| podesta | n | chief magistrate in medieval Italian municipality | AHD/W7 | |
| possible | adj | being within limits of ability/capacity/realization | AHD/W7 | |
| potency | n | being potent/powerful | W7 | |
| potent | adj | having flat bars across ends of (heraldic cross) arms | AHD/W7 | |
| potent | adj | powerful, having/wielding force/influence/authority | AHD/W7 | |
| potential | adj/n | (re:) power, ability, possibility | W7 | |
| power | n | control/influence/authority over others | AHD/W7 | |
| prepotent | adj | preeminent, having exceptional power/influence/authority | AHD/W7 | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | bruþfaþs | n.masc | bridegroom | GED/W7 |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | impotens, impotentis | adj | weak, impotent | W7 |
| omnipotens, omnipotentis | adj/vb.ptc | with power over everything | W7 | |
| possibilis | adj | possible | W7 | |
| possum, posse, potuī | vb | to be able/potent | LRC | |
| potens, potentis | adj/vb.ptc | potent, powerful | LRC | |
| potentia, potentiae | n.fem | power, potential | LRC | |
| poteo, potēre | vb | to be potent, powerful | W7 | |
| potestas, potestatis | n.fem | power | W7 | |
| potis | adj | potent, able, capable | W7 | |
| praepotens, praepotentis | adj/vb.ptc | very potent/powerful | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | poder | vb | to be able/potent | TLL |
| Spanish: | poder | vb | to be able/potent | TLL |
| Old French: | poeir | vb | to be able, have power | W7 |
| Middle French: | omnipotent | adj | omnipotent | W7 |
| possible | adj | possible | W7 | |
| French: | pouvoir | vb | to be able/potent | TLL |
| Italian: | podestà | n.fem | power; podesta | W7 |
| potere | vb | to be able/potent | TLL | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | pàt | pcl | very | LRC |
| patì | n.fem | wife | LRC | |
| pàts, patì | pron | oneself | LRC | |
| Latvian: | pat | adv | even | LRC |
| pats | pron | himself | LRC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | πόσις | n.masc | husband | LRC |
| πότνια | adj | revered, queenly | LRC | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Persian: | pati- | n | lord, master | AHD |
| Persian: | pādshāh | n | bashaw | AHD |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | pati | n | lord, master | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pcl | = | particle |
| pron | = | pronoun |
| ptc | = | participle |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
