Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: poti-s 'host, husband, lord, master, owner'
Semantic Field(s): Husband, Master
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Middle English: | impotent | adj | impotent | W7 |
omnipotent | adj | omnipotent | W7 | |
possible | adj | possible | W7 | |
potent | n | crutch | AHD/W7 | |
power | n | power | W7 | |
prepotent | adj | prepotent | W7 | |
English: | bashaw | n | pasha | AHD |
impotent | adj | helpless, not potent, lacking in power/vigor/strength | AHD/W7 | |
omnipotent | adj | almighty, with power over everything | AHD/W7 | |
pasha | n | man of high rank; Ottoman title of honor/distinction | AHD/W7 | |
podesta | n | chief magistrate in medieval Italian municipality | AHD/W7 | |
possible | adj | being within limits of ability/capacity/realization | AHD/W7 | |
potency | n | being potent/powerful | W7 | |
potent | adj | having flat bars across ends of (heraldic cross) arms | AHD/W7 | |
potent | adj | powerful, having/wielding force/influence/authority | AHD/W7 | |
potential | adj/n | (re:) power, ability, possibility | W7 | |
power | n | control/influence/authority over others | AHD/W7 | |
prepotent | adj | preeminent, having exceptional power/influence/authority | AHD/W7 | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | bruþfaþs | n.masc | bridegroom | GED/W7 |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | impotens, impotentis | adj | weak, impotent | W7 |
omnipotens, omnipotentis | adj/vb.ptc | with power over everything | W7 | |
possibilis | adj | possible | W7 | |
possum, posse, potuī | vb | to be able/potent | LRC | |
potens, potentis | adj/vb.ptc | potent, powerful | LRC | |
potentia, potentiae | n.fem | power, potential | LRC | |
poteo, potēre | vb | to be potent, powerful | W7 | |
potestas, potestatis | n.fem | power | W7 | |
potis | adj | potent, able, capable | W7 | |
praepotens, praepotentis | adj/vb.ptc | very potent/powerful | W7 | |
Portuguese: | poder | vb | to be able/potent | TLL |
Spanish: | poder | vb | to be able/potent | TLL |
Old French: | poeir | vb | to be able, have power | W7 |
Middle French: | omnipotent | adj | omnipotent | W7 |
possible | adj | possible | W7 | |
French: | pouvoir | vb | to be able/potent | TLL |
Italian: | podestà | n.fem | power; podesta | W7 |
potere | vb | to be able/potent | TLL | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | pàt | pcl | very | LRC |
patì | n.fem | wife | LRC | |
pàts, patì | pron | oneself | LRC | |
Latvian: | pat | adv | even | LRC |
pats | pron | himself | LRC | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | πόσις | n.masc | husband | LRC |
πότνια | adj | revered, queenly | LRC | |
Iranian | ||||
Old Persian: | pati- | n | lord, master | AHD |
Persian: | pādshāh | n | bashaw | AHD |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | pati | n | lord, master | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
pcl | = | particle |
pron | = | pronoun |
ptc | = | participle |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |