Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: pōu- : pəu- : pū̆- 'few, small, little; young (of animals)'
Semantic Field(s): Small, Little, Young, Animal
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | cæcepol | n | catchpole | W7 |
| fēa(wa) | adj | few | ASD | |
| fola | n.masc | foal, colt | ASD | |
| Middle English: | cacchepol | n | catchpole | W7 |
| depauperat | adj | depauperate | W7 | |
| enpoverisen | vb | to impoverish | W7 | |
| fewe | adj/pron | few | W7 | |
| fole | n | foal | W7 | |
| fyly | n | filly | W7 | |
| paucite | n | paucity | W7 | |
| polet | n | pullet, young fowl | W7 | |
| poure | adj | poor | W7 | |
| poverte | n | poverty | W7 | |
| pultrie | n | poultry | W7 | |
| English: | catchpole | n | sheriff's deputy | AHD/W7 |
| depauperate | adj | falling short in natural size/development | AHD/W7 | |
| encyclopedia | n | work containing information re: all branches of knowledge | AHD/W7 | |
| few | adj/pron | not many (persons/things) | AHD/W7 | |
| filly | n | young female horse | AHD/W7 | |
| foal | n | young animal of horse family | AHD/W7 | |
| impoverish | vb.trans | to make poor, induce poverty | AHD/W7 | |
| orthopedics | n | correction/prevention of skeletal deformities | AHD/W7 | |
| paraffin | n | flammable waxy crystalline substance | AHD/W7 | |
| parvovirus | n | infective agent with DNA in icosahedral protein shell | AHD | |
| paucity | n | fewness, smallness in number | AHD/W7 | |
| Paul | prop.n | male given name; Apostle to the Gentiles (New Testament) | LRC | |
| pauper | n | person destitute of means | AHD/W7 | |
| poco | adv | somewhat | AHD/W7 | |
| pococurante | adj | careless, indifferent, apathetic | AHD | |
| poltroon | n | craven, spiritless coward | AHD/W7 | |
| pony | n | small horse | AHD/W7 | |
| pool | n | aggregate stake to which game players have contributed | AHD/W7 | |
| poor | adj | lacking material possessions, re: poverty | AHD/W7 | |
| poulard | n | young hen spayed for fattening | AHD | |
| poulter | n | poulterer | CDC | |
| poulterer | n | poultry seller | CDC | |
| poultry | n | domesticated bird(s) kept for meat/eggs | AHD/W7 | |
| poverty | n | want, lack of money/material possessions | AHD/W7 | |
| puerile | adj | juvenile, childish | AHD/W7 | |
| puerperal | adj | re: parturition | AHD/W7 | |
| pullet | n | young hen | AHD/W7 | |
| putto | n | Renaissance artistic representation of small child | AHD | |
| Windfola | prop.n | Eowyn's horse in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | fē | adj | few | ASD |
| folla | n.masc | foal | ASD | |
| Frisian: | fole | n | foal | ASD |
| Dutch: | volen, veulen | n.neut | foal | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | fāh | adj | few | ASD |
| Low German: | falen, vale | n | foal | ASD |
| fege, vöge | adj | few | ASD | |
| Old High German: | fō | adj | little | W7 |
| fōh | adj | few | ASD | |
| folo | n.masc | foal, young animal | ASD | |
| fuli | n.neut | chick, young animal | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | vol(e) | n.masc | foal | ASD |
| vüli, vuln | n.neut | foal | ASD | |
| German: | fohle | n.masc | foal | ASD |
| füllen | n.neut | foal | ASD | |
| Paraffin | n.neut | paraffin | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | fár | adj | few | LRC |
| fylja | n | foal | W7 | |
| Icelandic: | fār | adj | few | ASD |
| foli | n.masc | foal | ASD | |
| Danish: | faa | adj | few | ASD |
| fole | n.masc/fem | foal | ASD | |
| føl | n.neut | foal | ASD | |
| Swedish: | föl | n.neut | foal | ASD |
| få | adj | few | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | faus, faws | adj | few | ASD |
| fula | n.masc | foal | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | affinis | adj | bordering on, related by marriage | W7 |
| parō, parāre | vb | to prepare, make ready; acquire, obtain | W7 | |
| paro, parere | vb | to give birth to | W7 | |
| parum | adv | too little | LRC | |
| parvulus, parvula, parvulum | adj | childhood | LRC | |
| parvus, parva, parvum | adj | small | LRC | |
| paucitās, paucitātis | n.fem | scarcity | W7 | |
| paucus | adj | few, little | W7 | |
| paulatim | adv | gradually | LRC | |
| paulo | adv | little | LRC | |
| Paulus | n.masc | Paul | W7 | |
| pauper | adj | poor | W7 | |
| pauperō, pauperāre | vb | to impoverish | W7 | |
| paupertās, paupertātis | n.fem | poverty | W7 | |
| puer, pueri | n.masc | boy, child | LRC | |
| puerilis | adj | childish, of children | W7 | |
| puerpera | n.fem | woman in childbirth | W7 | |
| pullus | n.masc | young chicken/animal, sprout | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | pullus | n.masc | chicken | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | depauperatus | vb.ptc | impoverished | W7 |
| depauperō, depauperāre | vb | to impoverish | W7 | |
| encyclopaedia | n.fem | general education | W7 | |
| pullanus | n.masc | pony | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | pobre | adj | poor, impoverished | TLL |
| Spanish: | pobre | adj | poor, impoverished | TLL |
| poco | adj | small, little (in quantity) | W7 | |
| Old French: | polet | n.masc | poultry | W7 |
| poul | n.masc | cock | W7 | |
| poule | n.fem | hen | W7 | |
| poulet | n.masc.dim | pullet, small chicken | W7 | |
| pouleterie | n.fem | poultry | W7 | |
| pouletier | n.masc | poulterer | W7 | |
| poverté | n.fem | poverty | W7 | |
| povre | adj | poor | W7 | |
| Old North French: | cachepol | n.masc | chicken chaser | W7 |
| pol | n.masc | chicken | W7 | |
| Middle French: | empovrir | vb | to impoverish | W7 |
| empovriss- | stem | to impoverish | W7 | |
| paucité | n.fem | paucity, being few | W7 | |
| poulet | n.masc.dim | pullet, small chicken | W7 | |
| pouleterie | n.fem | poultry | W7 | |
| poultron | adj | coward | W7 | |
| povre | adj | poor | W7 | |
| French: | pauvre | adj | poor, impoverished | TLL |
| poulain | n.masc | colt | W7 | |
| poule | n.fem | hen | W7 | |
| puérile | adj | puerile | W7 | |
| Old Italian: | poltro | n.masc | colt | W7 |
| poltrone | n.masc | colt | W7 | |
| Italian: | pòco | adv | little, small | W7 |
| povero | adj | poor, impoverished | TLL | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | παιδεία | n.fem | child-rearing | AHD/LS |
| παιδίον | n.neut | young child | LRC | |
| παῖς, παιδός | n.masc/fem | child; slave, servant | LS | |
| Paulos | n.masc | Paul | W7 | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | putra | n | son | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pron | = | pronoun |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| stem | = | stem |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |