Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: pōu- : pəu- : pū̆- 'few, small, little; young (of animals)'
Semantic Field(s): Small, Little, Young, Animal
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | cæcepol | n | catchpole | W7 |
fēa(wa) | adj | few | ASD | |
fola | n.masc | foal, colt | ASD | |
Middle English: | cacchepol | n | catchpole | W7 |
depauperat | adj | depauperate | W7 | |
enpoverisen | vb | to impoverish | W7 | |
fewe | adj/pron | few | W7 | |
fole | n | foal | W7 | |
fyly | n | filly | W7 | |
paucite | n | paucity | W7 | |
polet | n | pullet, young fowl | W7 | |
poure | adj | poor | W7 | |
poverte | n | poverty | W7 | |
pultrie | n | poultry | W7 | |
English: | catchpole | n | sheriff's deputy | AHD/W7 |
depauperate | adj | falling short in natural size/development | AHD/W7 | |
encyclopedia | n | work containing information re: all branches of knowledge | AHD/W7 | |
few | adj/pron | not many (persons/things) | AHD/W7 | |
filly | n | young female horse | AHD/W7 | |
foal | n | young animal of horse family | AHD/W7 | |
impoverish | vb.trans | to make poor, induce poverty | AHD/W7 | |
orthopedics | n | correction/prevention of skeletal deformities | AHD/W7 | |
paraffin | n | flammable waxy crystalline substance | AHD/W7 | |
parvovirus | n | infective agent with DNA in icosahedral protein shell | AHD | |
paucity | n | fewness, smallness in number | AHD/W7 | |
Paul | prop.n | male given name; Apostle to the Gentiles (New Testament) | LRC | |
pauper | n | person destitute of means | AHD/W7 | |
poco | adv | somewhat | AHD/W7 | |
pococurante | adj | careless, indifferent, apathetic | AHD | |
poltroon | n | craven, spiritless coward | AHD/W7 | |
pony | n | small horse | AHD/W7 | |
pool | n | aggregate stake to which game players have contributed | AHD/W7 | |
poor | adj | lacking material possessions, re: poverty | AHD/W7 | |
poulard | n | young hen spayed for fattening | AHD | |
poulter | n | poulterer | CDC | |
poulterer | n | poultry seller | CDC | |
poultry | n | domesticated bird(s) kept for meat/eggs | AHD/W7 | |
poverty | n | want, lack of money/material possessions | AHD/W7 | |
puerile | adj | juvenile, childish | AHD/W7 | |
puerperal | adj | re: parturition | AHD/W7 | |
pullet | n | young hen | AHD/W7 | |
putto | n | Renaissance artistic representation of small child | AHD | |
Windfola | prop.n | Eowyn's horse in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | fē | adj | few | ASD |
folla | n.masc | foal | ASD | |
Frisian: | fole | n | foal | ASD |
Dutch: | volen, veulen | n.neut | foal | ASD |
Old Saxon: | fāh | adj | few | ASD |
Low German: | falen, vale | n | foal | ASD |
fege, vöge | adj | few | ASD | |
Old High German: | fō | adj | little | W7 |
fōh | adj | few | ASD | |
folo | n.masc | foal, young animal | ASD | |
fuli | n.neut | chick, young animal | ASD | |
Middle High German: | vol(e) | n.masc | foal | ASD |
vüli, vuln | n.neut | foal | ASD | |
German: | fohle | n.masc | foal | ASD |
füllen | n.neut | foal | ASD | |
Paraffin | n.neut | paraffin | W7 | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | fár | adj | few | LRC |
fylja | n | foal | W7 | |
Icelandic: | fār | adj | few | ASD |
foli | n.masc | foal | ASD | |
Danish: | faa | adj | few | ASD |
fole | n.masc/fem | foal | ASD | |
føl | n.neut | foal | ASD | |
Swedish: | föl | n.neut | foal | ASD |
få | adj | few | ASD | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | faus, faws | adj | few | ASD |
fula | n.masc | foal | ASD | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | affinis | adj | bordering on, related by marriage | W7 |
parō, parāre | vb | to prepare, make ready; acquire, obtain | W7 | |
paro, parere | vb | to give birth to | W7 | |
parum | adv | too little | LRC | |
parvulus, parvula, parvulum | adj | childhood | LRC | |
parvus, parva, parvum | adj | small | LRC | |
paucitās, paucitātis | n.fem | scarcity | W7 | |
paucus | adj | few, little | W7 | |
paulatim | adv | gradually | LRC | |
paulo | adv | little | LRC | |
Paulus | n.masc | Paul | W7 | |
pauper | adj | poor | W7 | |
pauperō, pauperāre | vb | to impoverish | W7 | |
paupertās, paupertātis | n.fem | poverty | W7 | |
puer, pueri | n.masc | boy, child | LRC | |
puerilis | adj | childish, of children | W7 | |
puerpera | n.fem | woman in childbirth | W7 | |
pullus | n.masc | young chicken/animal, sprout | W7 | |
Late Latin: | pullus | n.masc | chicken | W7 |
Medieval Latin: | depauperatus | vb.ptc | impoverished | W7 |
depauperō, depauperāre | vb | to impoverish | W7 | |
encyclopaedia | n.fem | general education | W7 | |
pullanus | n.masc | pony | W7 | |
Portuguese: | pobre | adj | poor, impoverished | TLL |
Spanish: | pobre | adj | poor, impoverished | TLL |
poco | adj | small, little (in quantity) | W7 | |
Old French: | polet | n.masc | poultry | W7 |
poul | n.masc | cock | W7 | |
poule | n.fem | hen | W7 | |
poulet | n.masc.dim | pullet, small chicken | W7 | |
pouleterie | n.fem | poultry | W7 | |
pouletier | n.masc | poulterer | W7 | |
poverté | n.fem | poverty | W7 | |
povre | adj | poor | W7 | |
Old North French: | cachepol | n.masc | chicken chaser | W7 |
pol | n.masc | chicken | W7 | |
Middle French: | empovrir | vb | to impoverish | W7 |
empovriss- | stem | to impoverish | W7 | |
paucité | n.fem | paucity, being few | W7 | |
poulet | n.masc.dim | pullet, small chicken | W7 | |
pouleterie | n.fem | poultry | W7 | |
poultron | adj | coward | W7 | |
povre | adj | poor | W7 | |
French: | pauvre | adj | poor, impoverished | TLL |
poulain | n.masc | colt | W7 | |
poule | n.fem | hen | W7 | |
puérile | adj | puerile | W7 | |
Old Italian: | poltro | n.masc | colt | W7 |
poltrone | n.masc | colt | W7 | |
Italian: | pòco | adv | little, small | W7 |
povero | adj | poor, impoverished | TLL | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | παιδεία | n.fem | child-rearing | AHD/LS |
παιδίον | n.neut | young child | LRC | |
παῖς, παιδός | n.masc/fem | child; slave, servant | LS | |
Paulos | n.masc | Paul | W7 | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | putra | n | son | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
dim | = | diminutive |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pron | = | pronoun |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
stem | = | stem |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |