Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: prāi-, prəi-, prī-, pri- 'to like, feel friendly/well-disposed'
Semantic Field(s): Dear, Friend
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Welsh: | rhydd | adj | free | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | frēo, frī(o) | adj | free; noble; joyful | ASD/RPN |
| frēo | n.masc/fem | lord, master; lady, woman | RPN | |
| frēod | n.fem | peace, friendship, affection | RPN | |
| frēo(ga)n | vb.wk | to (make) free; like, love | ASD/RPN | |
| freoh, frioh, frig, frȳ | adj | free; noble; joyful | ASD | |
| frēo-mǣg, frēo-māg | n.masc | dear kinsman | ASD | |
| frēond, frīond | n.masc | friend; lover; relative | ASD/RPN | |
| fre(o)ðo, fri(o)ðu | n.fem | peace; refuge, protection, security | ASD/RPN | |
| frīgan | vb | to free, love | RPN | |
| frīgedæg, frigdæg | n.masc | Friday, lit. Frigg's day | ASD/W7 | |
| friþ, fryþ | n.masc/neut | peace, freedom; refuge, protection, security | ASD/CDC | |
| Middle English: | aferd(e) | adj | afraid | MEV |
| affraied | vb.ptc | afraid | W7 | |
| affraien | vb | to startle, frighten | W7 | |
| affray | n | fear; affray | MEV/W7 | |
| berfreid, belfray | n | belfry | CDC | |
| berfrey, belfry | n | belfry | W7 | |
| free | adj | free | W7 | |
| frend | n | friend | W7 | |
| Friday | prop.n | Friday, lit. Frigg's day | W7 | |
| English: | affray | n | fray, brawl | AHD/W7 |
| affray | vb.trans | to frighten, startle | AHD/W7 | |
| afraid | adj | filled with fear/apprehension | AHD/W7 | |
| belfry | n | siege tower | AHD/W2I | |
| filibuster | n | irregular military adventurer | AHD/W7 | |
| free | adj | having legal/political rights of citizen | AHD/W7 | |
| freebooter | n | pirate, plunderer | AHD/W7 | |
| Friday | prop.n | day between Thursday and Saturday | AHD/W7 | |
| friend | n | person attached to another by esteem/affection | AHD/W7 | |
| Frigg(a) | prop.n | goddess of sky/heavens (Norse mythology) | AHD/W2I | |
| Scots English: | frend | n | relation | ASD |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | fri | adj | free | ASD |
| fria(ia), fraia | vb | to free | ASD | |
| frī(g)endei | n | Friday, lit. Frigg's day | ODE | |
| friond, friund | n.masc | friend | ASD | |
| Frisian: | frjuen | n | friend | ASD |
| fry | adj | free | ASD | |
| Middle Dutch: | bergfert, bergfrede | n | protecting shelter | CDC |
| vrīdah | n | Friday, lit. Frigg's day | ODE | |
| Dutch: | vri(e)nd | n.masc | friend | ASD |
| vrij | adj | free | ASD | |
| vrijbuit | n | plunder | W7 | |
| vrijbuiter | n | freebooter | W7 | |
| vrijdag | n | Friday, lit. Frigg's day | ODE | |
| vrijen | vb | to woo | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | frī | adj | free | ASD |
| friðu | n.masc | peace, love, concord, amity | ASD | |
| friohan | vb | to love | ASD | |
| friund | n.masc | friend; relation | ASD | |
| Low German: | fri(j) | adj | free | ASD |
| frijen | vb | to free; woo | ASD | |
| frund, fründ | n.masc | friend | ASD | |
| Old High German: | frî | adj | free | ASD |
| frīatag | n.masc | Friday, lit. Frigg's day | W7 | |
| frido, fridu | n.masc | peace; shelter, protection, security | ASD/CDC | |
| friunt, frīont, friant | n.masc | friend | ASD/W7 | |
| vrīten | vb | to cherish | RPN | |
| Middle High German: | bercfrit, bercvrit | n | belfry | CDC |
| berchfrit, berhfride | n | belfry | CDC | |
| fride | n | peace; shelter, security | CDC | |
| vrî | adj | free | ASD | |
| vrī(g)en | vb | to free | ASD | |
| vriunt | n.masc | friend | ASD | |
| German: | befreien | vb | to free | ASD |
| frei | adj | free | ASD | |
| freien | vb | to woo | ASD | |
| Freitag | n.masc | Friday, lit. Frigg's day | LRC | |
| freuen | vb | to be glad | LRC | |
| Freund | n.masc | friend | ASD | |
| Friede(n) | n.masc | peace; shelter, security | CDC | |
| Friedhof | n | cemetary | TLL | |
| friedlich | adj | peaceful | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | friðr | n.masc | peace | LRC |
| Frigg | prop.n | Frigg, wife of Odin | AHD | |
| fríðr | adj | handsome | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | friða | vb | to pacify | RPN |
| friðill | n | lover | RPN | |
| fríða | vb | to adorn | RPN | |
| frjá | vb | to love | RPN | |
| frjáls | n | love | RPN | |
| frændi | n | kinsman | RPN | |
| Icelandic: | frī | adj | free | ASD |
| frja | vb | to pet | ASD | |
| frændi | n.masc | kinsman | ASD | |
| Danish: | frende, frænde | n.masc/fem | cousin, kinsman | ASD |
| fri | adj | free | ASD | |
| frie | vb | to woo; deliver | ASD | |
| Swedish: | fri | adj | free | ASD |
| fria | vb | to free, save; court | ASD | |
| frände | n.masc | relation | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | freidjan | vb | to take care of | RPN |
| freihals | n | freedom | RPN | |
| freis | adj | free | RPN | |
| friaþwa | adj | showing love | RPN | |
| friaþwa | n.str.fem | love, charity | LRC | |
| frijei | n | freedom | RPN | |
| frijōn | vb.wk.II | to love | LRC | |
| frijondi | n.fem | female friend | ASD | |
| frijonds | n.masc | friend | ASD/RPN | |
| ga-friþōn | vb | to make peace between | KGW | |
| Italic | ||||
| Middle Latin: | ber(e)fredus, berefridus | n | belfry | CDC |
| Spanish: | filibustero | n.masc | pirate, freebooter | W7 |
| Old French: | berfrai, berfray, berefreit | n | belfry | CDC |
| berfroi, belefroi | n | belfry | CDC | |
| effrei, esfrei | n | affray | AHD | |
| esfaier, esfreer | vb | to disturb | AHD | |
| Middle French: | affreer | vb | to startle | W7 |
| French: | beffroi | n | belfry, watchtower, bell tower | CDC |
| Italian: | battifredo | n | belfry | CDC |
| Baltic | ||||
| Latvian: | priêks | n | joy | RPN |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | prijaznь | n | love | RPN |
| prijatelь | n | friend | RPN | |
| prějǫ, prijati | vb | to be favorable | RPN | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | πραύς | adj | meek, gentle | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | frīnāiti | vb | to love, praise | RPN |
| fryō | adj | dear | RPN | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | priyá-ḥ | adj | dear, beloved | RPN |
| priyā | n | wife | W2I | |
| prīṇā́ti | vb | to please, be pleased | RPN | |
| prīti-ḥ | n | joy, pleasure | RPN | |
| prī́yate | vb | to be pleased | RPN | |
| premán- | n | love, fondness, kindness | RPN | |
| préyas- | adj/n | very dear; lover, dear friend | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| II | = | class 2 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| KGW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Gotisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (1989) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| ODE | = | C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |