Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: prāi-, prəi-, prī-, pri- 'to like, feel friendly/well-disposed'
Semantic Field(s): Dear, Friend
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Welsh: | rhydd | adj | free | RPN |
English | ||||
Old English: | frēo, frī(o) | adj | free; noble; joyful | ASD/RPN |
frēo | n.masc/fem | lord, master; lady, woman | RPN | |
frēod | n.fem | peace, friendship, affection | RPN | |
frēo(ga)n | vb.wk | to (make) free; like, love | ASD/RPN | |
freoh, frioh, frig, frȳ | adj | free; noble; joyful | ASD | |
frēo-mǣg, frēo-māg | n.masc | dear kinsman | ASD | |
frēond, frīond | n.masc | friend; lover; relative | ASD/RPN | |
fre(o)ðo, fri(o)ðu | n.fem | peace; refuge, protection, security | ASD/RPN | |
frīgan | vb | to free, love | RPN | |
frīgedæg, frigdæg | n.masc | Friday, lit. Frigg's day | ASD/W7 | |
friþ, fryþ | n.masc/neut | peace, freedom; refuge, protection, security | ASD/CDC | |
Middle English: | aferd(e) | adj | afraid | MEV |
affraied | vb.ptc | afraid | W7 | |
affraien | vb | to startle, frighten | W7 | |
affray | n | fear; affray | MEV/W7 | |
berfreid, belfray | n | belfry | CDC | |
berfrey, belfry | n | belfry | W7 | |
free | adj | free | W7 | |
frend | n | friend | W7 | |
Friday | prop.n | Friday, lit. Frigg's day | W7 | |
English: | affray | n | fray, brawl | AHD/W7 |
affray | vb.trans | to frighten, startle | AHD/W7 | |
afraid | adj | filled with fear/apprehension | AHD/W7 | |
belfry | n | siege tower | AHD/W2I | |
filibuster | n | irregular military adventurer | AHD/W7 | |
free | adj | having legal/political rights of citizen | AHD/W7 | |
freebooter | n | pirate, plunderer | AHD/W7 | |
Friday | prop.n | day between Thursday and Saturday | AHD/W7 | |
friend | n | person attached to another by esteem/affection | AHD/W7 | |
Frigg(a) | prop.n | goddess of sky/heavens (Norse mythology) | AHD/W2I | |
Scots English: | frend | n | relation | ASD |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | fri | adj | free | ASD |
fria(ia), fraia | vb | to free | ASD | |
frī(g)endei | n | Friday, lit. Frigg's day | ODE | |
friond, friund | n.masc | friend | ASD | |
Frisian: | frjuen | n | friend | ASD |
fry | adj | free | ASD | |
Middle Dutch: | bergfert, bergfrede | n | protecting shelter | CDC |
vrīdah | n | Friday, lit. Frigg's day | ODE | |
Dutch: | vri(e)nd | n.masc | friend | ASD |
vrij | adj | free | ASD | |
vrijbuit | n | plunder | W7 | |
vrijbuiter | n | freebooter | W7 | |
vrijdag | n | Friday, lit. Frigg's day | ODE | |
vrijen | vb | to woo | ASD | |
Old Saxon: | frī | adj | free | ASD |
friðu | n.masc | peace, love, concord, amity | ASD | |
friohan | vb | to love | ASD | |
friund | n.masc | friend; relation | ASD | |
Low German: | fri(j) | adj | free | ASD |
frijen | vb | to free; woo | ASD | |
frund, fründ | n.masc | friend | ASD | |
Old High German: | frî | adj | free | ASD |
frīatag | n.masc | Friday, lit. Frigg's day | W7 | |
frido, fridu | n.masc | peace; shelter, protection, security | ASD/CDC | |
friunt, frīont, friant | n.masc | friend | ASD/W7 | |
vrīten | vb | to cherish | RPN | |
Middle High German: | bercfrit, bercvrit | n | belfry | CDC |
berchfrit, berhfride | n | belfry | CDC | |
fride | n | peace; shelter, security | CDC | |
vrî | adj | free | ASD | |
vrī(g)en | vb | to free | ASD | |
vriunt | n.masc | friend | ASD | |
German: | befreien | vb | to free | ASD |
frei | adj | free | ASD | |
freien | vb | to woo | ASD | |
Freitag | n.masc | Friday, lit. Frigg's day | LRC | |
freuen | vb | to be glad | LRC | |
Freund | n.masc | friend | ASD | |
Friede(n) | n.masc | peace; shelter, security | CDC | |
Friedhof | n | cemetary | TLL | |
friedlich | adj | peaceful | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | friðr | n.masc | peace | LRC |
Frigg | prop.n | Frigg, wife of Odin | AHD | |
fríðr | adj | handsome | LRC | |
Old Icelandic: | friða | vb | to pacify | RPN |
friðill | n | lover | RPN | |
fríða | vb | to adorn | RPN | |
frjá | vb | to love | RPN | |
frjáls | n | love | RPN | |
frændi | n | kinsman | RPN | |
Icelandic: | frī | adj | free | ASD |
frja | vb | to pet | ASD | |
frændi | n.masc | kinsman | ASD | |
Danish: | frende, frænde | n.masc/fem | cousin, kinsman | ASD |
fri | adj | free | ASD | |
frie | vb | to woo; deliver | ASD | |
Swedish: | fri | adj | free | ASD |
fria | vb | to free, save; court | ASD | |
frände | n.masc | relation | ASD | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | freidjan | vb | to take care of | RPN |
freihals | n | freedom | RPN | |
freis | adj | free | RPN | |
friaþwa | adj | showing love | RPN | |
friaþwa | n.str.fem | love, charity | LRC | |
frijei | n | freedom | RPN | |
frijōn | vb.wk.II | to love | LRC | |
frijondi | n.fem | female friend | ASD | |
frijonds | n.masc | friend | ASD/RPN | |
ga-friþōn | vb | to make peace between | KGW | |
Italic | ||||
Middle Latin: | ber(e)fredus, berefridus | n | belfry | CDC |
Spanish: | filibustero | n.masc | pirate, freebooter | W7 |
Old French: | berfrai, berfray, berefreit | n | belfry | CDC |
berfroi, belefroi | n | belfry | CDC | |
effrei, esfrei | n | affray | AHD | |
esfaier, esfreer | vb | to disturb | AHD | |
Middle French: | affreer | vb | to startle | W7 |
French: | beffroi | n | belfry, watchtower, bell tower | CDC |
Italian: | battifredo | n | belfry | CDC |
Baltic | ||||
Latvian: | priêks | n | joy | RPN |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | prijaznь | n | love | RPN |
prijatelь | n | friend | RPN | |
prějǫ, prijati | vb | to be favorable | RPN | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | πραύς | adj | meek, gentle | LRC |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | frīnāiti | vb | to love, praise | RPN |
fryō | adj | dear | RPN | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | priyá-ḥ | adj | dear, beloved | RPN |
priyā | n | wife | W2I | |
prīṇā́ti | vb | to please, be pleased | RPN | |
prīti-ḥ | n | joy, pleasure | RPN | |
prī́yate | vb | to be pleased | RPN | |
premán- | n | love, fondness, kindness | RPN | |
préyas- | adj/n | very dear; lover, dear friend | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
II | = | class 2 |
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
KGW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Gotisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (1989) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
ODE | = | C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966) |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |