Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: preg- 'greedy, covetous; willful, violent'
Semantic Field(s): to Desire, to Will, Wish, Rage, Fury
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | Franca | prop.n.masc | Frank | ASD |
| Franc-rīce | prop.n.neut | kingdom of the Franks | ASD | |
| freca | n.masc | hero, warrior, bold man | ASD | |
| frec(c), fræc | adj | bold, avid, greedy, audacious | ASD/IEW | |
| frēcne, frǣcne | adj | wild, daring, wicked, perilous | ASD/IEW | |
| English: | France | prop.n | western European nation | LRC |
| Franconian | prop.n | language of the Franks | LRC | |
| Frank | prop.n | Rhine/Weser immigrant to Gaul/Netherlands | W7 | |
| Freca | prop.n | greedy man in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | vrec | n.masc | miser | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | frōkan | adj | wild, bold, impudent | ASD |
| Old High German: | Franko | prop.n | Frank | W7 |
| freh, frë(c)h | adj | greedy | ASD/IEW | |
| Middle High German: | vrëch | adj | bold, greedy, audacious | ASD |
| German: | Franke | prop.n.masc | Frank, Franconian | LRC |
| Franken | prop.n.neut | Franconia | IEW | |
| Frankreich | prop.n.neut | France | LRC | |
| frech | adj | rash, impertinent | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | frakkr | adj | brave, plucky, courageous | IEW |
| Icelandic: | frekr | adj | greedy, voracious | ASD |
| Danish: | fräk | adj | bold, greedy, audacious | ASD |
| Swedish: | fräck | adj | bold, greedy, audacious | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | faihu-friks | adj | greedy, desirous for money | ASD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
