Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: pret-, prō̆t- 'to understand'
Semantic Field(s): to Understand
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | frōd | adj | wise, sage, prudent, experienced | LRC |
| English: | Frodo | prop.n | hobbit hero in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | frod | adj | wise, prudent; brave; healthy | ASD |
| Frisian: | froed | adj | wise, prudent; brave; healthy | ASD |
| Dutch: | vroed | adj | wise, prudent; brave; healthy | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | frōd | adj | wise, prudent; brave; healthy | ASD |
| Low German: | frod, vrood | adj | wise, prudent; brave; healthy | ASD |
| Old High German: | frōt, fruot | adj | wise, prudent; brave; healthy | ASD |
| Middle High German: | vruot | adj | wise, prudent; brave; healthy | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | fróðr | adj | wise, learned, well-informed | LRC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | fraþjan | vb.str.VI | to understand | LRC |
| frōþs | adj | wise, prudent | ASD | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | prõtas | n.masc | mind | LRC |
| supràsti, suprañta, suprãto | vb | to understand | LRC | |
| Latvian: | saprast, saprotu, sapratu | vb | to understand | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| VI | = | class 6 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
