Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. reg̑- 'to regulate, make just/right; king, reign'
Semantic Field(s): Right (adj), King
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | reg- | vb | to stretch out | LRC |
| rī | n.masc | king | IED/W7 | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | bisc(e)op-rīce | n.neut | bishopric | ASD/W7 |
| gerecenian | vb.wk | to narrate | ASD/W7 | |
| racu | n.fem | rake | ASD/W7 | |
| ranc | adj | strong, overbearing | W7 | |
| reccan | vb | to stretch, extend | ASD/W7 | |
| rica | n.masc | ruler | ASD | |
| rīce | n.wk.neut | reign, region, kingdom | LRC | |
| riht | adj | right, straight, erect | ASD | |
| riht | n.neut | right, law, justice; plumb line | W7 | |
| Middle English: | adressen | vb | to address | W7 |
| bisshopriche | n | bishopric | W7 | |
| correct | adj | correct | W7 | |
| correcten | vb | to correct | W7 | |
| corvee | n | corvee | W7 | |
| direct | adj | direct | W7 | |
| directen | vb | to direct | W7 | |
| *elfriche | n | fairyland | W7 | |
| erect | adj | erect | W7 | |
| incorrigible | adj | incorrigible | W7 | |
| prerogative | n | prerogative | W7 | |
| prorogen | vb | to prorogue | W7 | |
| rack | n | rack | W7 | |
| raile | n | rail | W7 | |
| rake | n | rake | W7 | |
| rank | adj | rank | W7 | |
| real | adj | real | W7 | |
| realme | n | realm | W7 | |
| rectitude | n | rectitude | W7 | |
| regal | adj | regal | W7 | |
| regent | n | regent | W7 | |
| regimen | n | regimen | W7 | |
| regiment | n | regiment | W7 | |
| region | n | region | W7 | |
| regne | n | reign | W7 | |
| reguler | adj | regular | W7 | |
| reule | n | rule | W7 | |
| riche | adj | rich, precious, prosperous | W7 | |
| riche | n | sovereign territory | W7 | |
| right | adj/n | right | W7 | |
| rogacion | n | rogation | W7 | |
| roial | adj | royal | W7 | |
| sours | n | source | W7 | |
| English: | abrogate | vb.trans | to annul, abolish by authoritative action | AHD/W7 |
| address | vb | to aim, direct | AHD/W7 | |
| adroit | adj | dexterous in use of hands | AHD/W7 | |
| alert | adj | watchful/prompt to meet danger | AHD/W7 | |
| anorectic | adj | re: anorexia | AHD | |
| anorexia | n | loss of appetite | AHD/W7 | |
| arrogate | vb.trans | to claim/seize as one's right without justification | AHD/W7 | |
| bishopric | n | diocese, bishop's province | AHD/W7 | |
| correct | adj | conforming to approved/conventional standard | AHD/W7 | |
| correct | vb.trans | to amend, set/make right | AHD/W7 | |
| corvee | n | unpaid labor due to feudal lord | AHD/W7 | |
| derogate | vb | to disparage, cause to seem inferior | AHD/W7 | |
| direct | adj | straight, proceeding from point to point without deviation/interruption | AHD/W7 | |
| direct | vb | to write to someone | AHD/W7 | |
| eldritch | adj | weird, eerie | AHD/W7 | |
| erect | adj | vertical in position | AHD/W7 | |
| ergo | adv | hence, therefore | AHD/W7 | |
| incorrigible | adj | unable to be amended/corrected | AHD/W7 | |
| interrogate | vb.trans | to question formally/systematically | AHD/W7 | |
| maharani | n | wife of maharaja | AHD/W7 | |
| porrect | adj | extended forward | AHD/W7 | |
| prerogative | n | special/exclusive right/power/privilege | AHD/W7 | |
| prorogue | vb | to defer, postpone | AHD/W7 | |
| rack | n | framework for holding livestock fodder | AHD/W7 | |
| rail | n | bar extending from post to post | AHD/W7 | |
| raita | n | Indian salad/condiment: yogurt with chopped fruits/vegetables | AHD | |
| raj | n | reign | AHD/W7 | |
| raja(h) | n | chief, prince | W7 | |
| rake | n | implement with projecting prongs for gathering material | AHD/W7 | |
| rani | n | rajah's wife, Hindu queen | AHD/W7 | |
| rank | adj | excessively/luxuriantly vigorous in growth | AHD/W7 | |
| real | adj | re: fixed/permanent/immovable things (e.g. land) | AHD/W7 | |
| realm | n | kingdom | AHD/W7 | |
| rectangle | n | parallelogram of 4 sides/right angles | AHD/W7 | |
| rectilinear | adj | forming/moving in straight line | AHD/W7 | |
| rectitude | n | straightness | AHD/W7 | |
| recto | n | right-hand page | AHD/W7 | |
| rector | n | leader, one who directs | AHD/W7 | |
| rectum | n | terminal portion of intestine | AHD/W7 | |
| rectus | n | straight muscle (e.g. of abdomen) | AHD/W7 | |
| regal | adj | re: king | AHD/W7 | |
| regent | n | ruling authority/principle | AHD/W7 | |
| regicide | n | one who kills king | AHD/W7 | |
| regime | n | regimen | AHD/W7 | |
| regimen | n | systematic course of therapy | AHD/W7 | |
| regiment | n | governmental rule | AHD/W7 | |
| region | n | (administrative) area/district/division | AHD/W7 | |
| regius | adj | royal, re: king | AHD | |
| reglet | n | flat narrow architectural molding | AHD/W7 | |
| regular | adj | belonging to religious order | AHD/W7 | |
| regulate | vb.trans | to direct/govern according to rule | AHD/W7 | |
| Regulus | prop.n | brightest star in constellation Leo | AHD/W7 | |
| regulus | n | impure metal mass formed beneath slag | AHD/W7 | |
| Reich | prop.n | government/territory of German empire | AHD | |
| reichsmark | n | German mark (1925-48) | W7 | |
| reign | n | sovereignty, royal authority | AHD/W7 | |
| resurge | vb | to surge back, rise again | AHD | |
| rial | n | Persian monetary unit | AHD/W7 | |
| rich | adj | wealthy, possessing/controlling great wealth | AHD/W7 | |
| right | adj | correct, upright, righteous | AHD/W7 | |
| right | n | adherence/obedience to duty/lawful authority | AHD/W7 | |
| Risorgimento | prop.n | movement leading to political unification of Italy | AHD | |
| ri(y)al | n | Arabic monetary unit | AHD/W7 | |
| rogation | n | litany, supplication | AHD/W7 | |
| rogatory | adj | seeking/requesting/collecting information | AHD/CDC | |
| royal | adj | of kingly ancestry | AHD/W7 | |
| rule | n | prescribed guide for action/conduct | AHD/W7 | |
| rye | n | gypsy gentleman | AHD/W7 | |
| sord | n | flock/flight of mallards | AHD | |
| source | n | fountainhead, origin of running water | AHD/W7 | |
| subrogate | vb.trans | to substitute, put in place of another | AHD/W7 | |
| supererogate | vb | to do more than required by need/duty/obligation | AHD/W7 | |
| surge | vb | to toss, rise/fall actively | AHD/W7 | |
| vicereine | n | wife of viceroy | AHD/W7 | |
| viceroy | n | governor of country/province who represents king/sovereign | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | rīke | n | reign, power, authority | ASD |
| riucht | n | right, law | ASD | |
| Middle Dutch: | rec | n | framework | W7 |
| Dutch: | rijk | adj | rich | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | recht | adj | right, straight | LRC |
| reht | n | right, law | ASD | |
| rekkian | vb | to stretch, extend | ASD | |
| rīki | n | reign, power, authority | ASD | |
| Old High German: | reckian | vb | to stretch, extend | ASD |
| rehho | n | rake | W7 | |
| reht | adj/n | right, straight; right, law | ASD/W7 | |
| rīhhi | adj/n | rich; reign, power, authority | ASD/W7 | |
| ruohhen | vb | to take heed | W7 | |
| German: | Rechen | n.masc | rake | LRC |
| Recht | n.neut | law, right | LRC | |
| rechts | adj | right-hand | LRC | |
| recken | vb | to stretch, extend | LRC | |
| Reich | n.neut | realm, empire | LRC | |
| reich | adj | rich | TLL | |
| Reichsmark | n.fem | reichsmark | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | reka | vb | to drive | LRC |
| rekkr | n.masc | man, warrior | LRC | |
| réttr | adj | right, correct; just, fair; direct, unswerving | LRC | |
| Icelandic: | rakkr | adj | bold, courageous | ASD |
| rekja | vb | to unwind, unfold, spread out | ASD | |
| rēttr | n.masc | right, law; due, claim | ASD | |
| rīki | n | reign, power, authority | ASD | |
| Danish: | rig | adj | rich | TLL |
| Swedish: | rik | adj | rich | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | raihts | adj | right, straight | LRC |
| reiki | n | reign, power, authority | ASD | |
| reiks | n | king, ruler | LRC | |
| uf-rakjan | vb | to stretch out | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | abrogatus | vb.ptc | abrogated | W7 |
| abrogo, abrogāre | vb | to annul, abrogate | W7 | |
| angulus | n.masc | angle | W7 | |
| arrogatus | vb.ptc | claimed, assumed | W7 | |
| arrogo, arrogare | vb | to claim, assume | W7 | |
| correctus | vb.ptc | straightened | W7 | |
| corrigo, corrigere | vb | to correct, make straight | W7 | |
| corrogatus | vb.ptc | collected, requisitioned | W7 | |
| corrogo, corrogare | vb | to collect, requisition | W7 | |
| derogo, derogare | vb | to annul (law), detract | W7 | |
| directus | vb.ptc | directed, set straight | W7 | |
| dirigo, dirigere | vb | to direct, set straight | W7 | |
| erectus | vb.ptc | built up, made straight up | W7 | |
| ergo | conj | so, thus | W7 | |
| erigo, erigere | vb | to erect | W7 | |
| interrogatus | vb.ptc | interrogated | W7 | |
| interrogo, interrogare | vb | to interrogate | W7 | |
| porrectus | vb.ptc | stretched out | W7 | |
| porrigo, porrigere | vb | to stretch out | W7 | |
| praerogativus | adj | voting first | W7 | |
| praerogatus | vb.ptc | who voted first | W7 | |
| praerogo, praerogare | vb | to request an opinion before another | W7 | |
| prorogo, prorogare | vb | to extend an office | W7 | |
| rector | n.masc | one who directs | W7 | |
| rectus | adj | right | W7 | |
| rectus | vb.ptc | directed | W7 | |
| regalis | adj | re: king | W7 | |
| regens | adj/vb.ptc | directing | W7 | |
| regimen, regiminis | n.neut | rule | W7 | |
| regina, reginae | n.fem | queen | LRC | |
| regio, regionis | n.fem | limit, division, direction | W7 | |
| regnum, regni | n.neut | reign; empire, kingdom | LRC | |
| rego, regere | vb | to rule, direct, keep straight | W7 | |
| regula | n.fem | rule, ruler | W7 | |
| regularis | adj | regular, according to rule/ruler | W7 | |
| regulus | n.masc | petty king | W7 | |
| res | n.fem | thing, fact | W7 | |
| rex, regis | n.masc | king | LRC | |
| rigor, rigoris | n.masc | rigor | LRC | |
| rogatio | n.fem | questioning | W7 | |
| rogatus | vb.ptc | asked, proposed law | W7 | |
| rogo, rogāre | vb | to ask, propose (a law) | W7 | |
| subrogatus | vb.ptc | asked for, demanded (law) | W7 | |
| subrogo, subrogare | vb | to ask for, demand (law) | W7 | |
| surgo, surgere | vb | to rise | W7 | |
| surrogo, surrogare | vb | to substitute | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | derogatus | vb.ptc | cancelled law | W7 |
| derogo, derogāre | vb | to annul (law), derogate | W7 | |
| incorrigibilis | adj | incorrigible | W7 | |
| realis | adj | real | W7 | |
| rectilineus | adj | in a straight line | W7 | |
| rectitudo | n.fem | rectitude | W7 | |
| regimentum | n.neut | direction, government | W7 | |
| regulatus | vb.ptc | regulated | W7 | |
| regulo, regulāre | vb | to regulate | W7 | |
| rogatio, rogationis | n.fem | act of asking | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | corrogata | n.fem | corvee | W7 |
| realis | adj | relating to things (in law) | W7 | |
| rectangulus | adj | having a right angle | W7 | |
| regens, regentis | adj/vb.ptc | in power, excercising kingly power | W7 | |
| regulus | n.masc | metallic antimony | W7 | |
| New Latin: | anorexia | n.fem | anorexia | W7 |
| folio | n.masc | leaf of manuscript | W7 | |
| recto | n.masc | side of page/leaf to be read first | W7 | |
| rectum | n.neut | terminal part of intestine | W7 | |
| rectus | adj | straight, right | W7 | |
| regicida | n.masc | king-killer | W7 | |
| regicidium | n.neut | king-killing | W7 | |
| Regulus | prop.n.masc | star in constellation Leo | W7 | |
| Spanish: | real | adj | real, royal | LRC |
| real | n.masc | old Spanish coin | LRC | |
| Old French: | realme | n.fem | rule, area of ruling | W7 |
| règne | n.masc | reign | W7 | |
| reule | n.fem | rule | W7 | |
| sourdre | vb | to rise, spring forth | W7 | |
| sourse | n.fem | source | W7 | |
| Middle French: | adresser | vb | to address | W7 |
| corvee | n.fem | corvee | W7 | |
| prérogative | n.fem | prerogative, privilege | W7 | |
| proroguer | vb | to prorogue | W7 | |
| real | adj | relating to things (in law) | W7 | |
| rectitude | n.fem | rectitude | W7 | |
| regal | adj | kingly, of a king | W7 | |
| regent | n.masc | regent, one acting as temporary king | W7 | |
| regiment | n.masc | regiment, part of army | W7 | |
| région | n.fem | area | W7 | |
| règle | n.fem | rule | W7 | |
| reglet | n.masc | ruler, straight-edge | W7 | |
| reguler | vb | to regulate | W7 | |
| reille | n.fem | bar; ruler | W7 | |
| roi | n.masc | king | W7 | |
| roial | adj | royal, re: the king | W7 | |
| sors | n.fem | spring | W7 | |
| sourdre | vb | to rise, surge | W7 | |
| sourge- | vb.stem | to rise, surge | W7 | |
| sourse | n.fem | source | W7 | |
| vice-roi | n.masc | viceroy | W7 | |
| French: | adroit | adj | adroit, habile | W7 |
| alerte | adj | alert | AHD | |
| régime | n.masc | diet; regime, authoritarian government | W7 | |
| réglet | n.masc | ruler, straight-edge | W7 | |
| reine | n.fem | queen | W7 | |
| vicereine | n.fem | vice-queen | W7 | |
| Italian: | Risorgimento | prop.n | Risorgimento | AHD |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | rę́žtis | vb | to stretch oneself out | LRC |
| Latvian: | ruôzîtiês | vb | to draw oneself out | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Russian: | surázina | n | good order | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ὀρέγω | vb | to reach, extend, stretch out | LRC |
| Greek: | anorektos | adj | anorectic, without desire | AHD |
| ὄρεξις | n.fem | desire, longing, appetite | LRC | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | raz- | vb | to arrange, straighten | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | rají- | adj | straight | LRC |
| rājan | n | king, raja | W7 | |
| rājñī | n | (Hindu) queen | W7 | |
| rājya | n | raj, rule | W7 | |
| rai | n | property | W7 | |
| Hindi: | mahārānī | n | (Hindu) king's wife, Indian princess | W7 |
| rājā | n | king, raja | W7 | |
| rāj | n | raj | W7 | |
| rānē | n | (Hindu) queen | W7 | |
| Romani: | rai | n | king | W7 |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | raksau | vb | to stretch out | LRC |
| Tocharian A: | räk- | vb | to cover, spread out | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| stem | = | stem |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| IED | = | Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
