Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: reu-b-, and reu-g- 'to belch, eruct, retch, vomit'
Semantic Field(s): to Vomit
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | rēc | n.masc | reek | ASD |
Middle English: | rek | n | reek | W7 |
English: | eruct | vb | to belch | AHD/W7 |
reek | n | smoke | AHD/W7 | |
reek | vb | to emit smoke | LRC | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | rēk | n | reek | ASD |
Old Dutch: | rook | n | reek | ASD |
Dutch: | rook | n | reek | TLL |
Old Saxon: | wīh-rōk | n | reek | ASD |
Old High German: | riohhan | vb | to reek | KDW |
rouh | n | reek | ASD | |
German: | Rauch | n.masc | reek, fume, vapor | TLL |
riechen | vb | to reek | TLL | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | reykr | n.masc | reek | LRC |
rjúka | vb | to reek, smoke; tumble, go flying | LRC | |
Danish: | røg | n | reek | TLL |
Swedish: | rök | n | reek | TLL |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | eructo, eructāre | vb | to eruct | W7 |
ructo, ructāre | vb | to eruct | W7 | |
rugio, rugīre | vb | to roar | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |