Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: reudh- 'red'
Semantic Field(s): Red
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | rūad | adj | red | LRC |
| Welsh: | rhudd | adj | red | LRC |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | rēad | adj | red | W7 |
| rudduc | n | ruddock | W7 | |
| rudig | adj | ruddy | W7 | |
| rudu | adj/n.fem | red; redness | ASD/W7 | |
| rūst | n.masc/neut | rust | ASD | |
| Middle English: | red | adj | red | W7 |
| rubrike | n | rubric | W7 | |
| ruby | n | ruby | W7 | |
| ruddok | n | ruddock | W7 | |
| rudi | adj | ruddy | W7 | |
| russet | n | russet | W7 | |
| rust | n | rust | W7 | |
| rutilaunt | adj | rutilant | W7 | |
| English: | bilirubin | n | reddish yellow pigment in bile/blood/urine/gallstones | AHD/W7 |
| corroborate | vb.trans | to make more certain, support with evidence/authority | AHD/W7 | |
| erythema | n | abnormal skin redness | AHD/W7 | |
| erythr(o)- | pfx | red | AHD | |
| rambunctious | adj | boisterous, disorderly | AHD | |
| red | adj | re: color red (long-wavelength visible light) | AHD/W7 | |
| Redhorn | prop.n | Misty Mountains peak in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| redstart | n | small European songbird with rust-red breast/tail | AHD | |
| rissole | n | small pastry-enclosed minced meat/fish croquette | AHD | |
| roble | n | oak of Mexico/California | AHD/W7 | |
| roborant | n | restoring vigor/strength | AHD | |
| robust | adj | vigorous, having/exhibiting strength/health | AHD/W7 | |
| rouge | n | cosmetic color for lips/cheeks | AHD/W7 | |
| roux | n | cooked mixture of flour/fat | AHD/W7 | |
| rowan | n | Eurasian tree | AHD/W7 | |
| rubella | n | German measles | AHD/W7 | |
| rubeola | n | measles | AHD/W7 | |
| rubescent | adj | reddening, turning red | AHD | |
| rubicund | adj | red, ruddy | AHD/W7 | |
| rubidium | n | soft silvery metal | AHD/W7 | |
| rubiginous | adj | re: rusty red color | AHD/W7 | |
| rubric | n | heading in book/manuscript done/underlined in different (e.g. red) color | AHD/W7 | |
| ruby | n | precious stone: red corundum | AHD/W7 | |
| ruddock | n | robin | AHD/W7 | |
| ruddy | adj | having healthy reddish color | AHD/W7 | |
| rufescent | adj | reddish | AHD/W7 | |
| rufous | adj | reddish | AHD/W7 | |
| russet | n | coarse homespun reddish brown cloth | AHD/W7 | |
| rust | n | hydrated ferric oxide: brittle reddish coating on iron | AHD/W7 | |
| rutilant | adj | having reddish glow | AHD/W7 | |
| rutile | n | titanium dioxide | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | rād | adj | red | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | rōd | adj | red | ASD |
| rost | n | rust | ASD | |
| Old High German: | rost | n | rust | ASD |
| rōt | adj | red | W7 | |
| German: | robust | adj | robust | LRC |
| Rost | n.masc | rust | LRC | |
| rot | adj | red | LRC | |
| Rutil | n | rutile | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | rauðr | adj | red | LRC |
| reynir | n | rowan | W7 | |
| rjóða | vb | to redden, make red | LRC | |
| Icelandic: | rauðr | adj | red | ASD |
| roði | n | redness | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | ga-riudei | n | embarrassment | LRC |
| rauds | adj | red | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | corroboratus | vb.ptc | strengthened | W7 |
| corroboro, corroborāre | vb | to make strong | W7 | |
| robiginosus | adj | rusty | W7 | |
| rōbīgo, rōbīginis | n.fem | rust | W7 | |
| rōbur, rōboris | n.neut | oak, hard wood | W7 | |
| robustus | adj | oaken, strong | W7 | |
| rubellus | adj | reddish | W7 | |
| rubēns, rubentis | adj | red, ruddy, reddish | W7 | |
| rubeo, rubēre | vb | to be red | W7 | |
| ruber | adj | red | W7 | |
| rubeus | adj | red, reddish | W7 | |
| rubicundus | adj | red, rubicund | W7 | |
| rubidus | adj | red, reddish | W7 | |
| rubiginosus | adj | rusty | W7 | |
| rubrica | n.fem | rubric, section | W7 | |
| rufescens, rufescentis | adj/vb.ptc | becoming red/reddish | W7 | |
| rufesco, rufescere | vb | to become red/reddish | W7 | |
| rufus | adj | red, red-haired | W7 | |
| ruger | adj | red | W7 | |
| russus | adj | red | W7 | |
| rutilans, rutilantis | adj | bright (red) | W7 | |
| rutilo, rutilare | vb | to be bright/reddish | W7 | |
| rutilus | adj | red | W7 | |
| New Latin: | erythema | n.fem | erythema | W7 |
| rubella | n.fem | German measles | W7 | |
| rubeola | n.fem | measles | W7 | |
| rubeolus | adj | reddish | W7 | |
| Spanish: | roble | n.masc | oak | W7 |
| American Spanish: | roble | n.masc | oak | W7 |
| Old French: | rous | adj | russet, red-haired | W7 |
| rousset | adj.dim | russet, red-haired | W7 | |
| Middle French: | rouge | adj | red | W7 |
| rubis | n.masc | ruby | W7 | |
| rubrique | n.fem | rubric | W7 | |
| French: | rouge | adj | red | W7 |
| roux | adj | brownish-red, red haired | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | raũdas | adj | red | LRC |
| Latvian: | rûsa | n | rust | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | rudъ | adj | red | LRC |
| Russian: | rysyj | adj | red, ruddy | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ἐρυθρός | adj | red, ruddy | LRC |
| Greek: | erythainein | vb | to redden | W7 |
| erythēma | n | red blotch | W7 | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | raoiδita- | adj | red, reddened | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | rṓhita- | adj | red, reddened | LRC |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | rätre | adj | red | LRC |
| Tocharian A: | rätr- | adj | red | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
