Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: reugh-m(e)n- 'ream, cream?'
Semantic Field(s): Butter
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | rēam | n.masc | ream | ASD/KEW |
| Middle English: | reme | n | ream | OED |
| English: | ram(m)ekin, ramequin | n | kind of cheese pastry | AHD/CDC/W7 |
| ream | n | cream | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle Dutch: | room | n | ream | OED |
| Dutch: | room | n | ream | ASD |
| Old Flemish: | rammeken | n | toasted bread | CDC |
| Middle Low German: | rōm(e) | n | ream | OED |
| Low German: | ram | n | ream | W7 |
| ramken | n.dim | (a little) ream | W7 | |
| Old High German: | roum | n.masc | ream | IEW |
| Middle High German: | roum | n | ream | ASD |
| German: | Rahm | n.masc | ream | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | rjúmi, rjómi | n | ream | KNW/OED |
| Icelandic: | rjōmi | n | ream | ASD |
| Norwegian: | r(j)ome | n.dial | ream | OED |
| Swedish: | römme | n | ream | SAO |
| Italic | ||||
| French: | ramequin | n.masc | small cheesecake | W7 |
| Iranian | ||||
| Persian: | rōg@h%an | n | ghee | LRC |
| Avestan: | raog@h%na | n | butter | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| dial | = | dialectal |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| KEW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| SAO | = | Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
