Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ŕ̥k̑þo-s 'bear (animal)'
Semantic Field(s): Bear
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Middle Irish: | art | n | bear | LRC |
| Breton: | ors | n | bear | LRC |
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | Arctour, Arture, Arthurus | prop.n | Arcturus | AHD |
| artik | adj | arctic | W7 | |
| English: | arctic | adj | re: north, polar region | AHD/W7 |
| Arcturus | prop.n | Alpha Bootes: bright yellow-orange star | AHD | |
| Artemis | prop.n | goddess of the hunt (Greek mythology) | LRC | |
| ursine | adj | re: bear | AHD/W7 | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | arcticus | adj | arctic; re: bear | W7 |
| Arctūrus | prop.n.masc | Arcturus | AHD | |
| ursa | n.fem | she-bear | W7 | |
| ursus | n.masc | bear | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | arcticus | adj | arctic: northern | CDC |
| Medieval Latin: | articus | adj | arctic | AHD |
| Portuguese: | arctico | adj | arctic | CDC |
| Spanish: | arctico | adj | arctic | CDC |
| Old French: | artique | adj | arctic | CDC |
| French: | arctique | adj | arctic | CDC |
| Old Occitan: | artic | adj | arctic | CDC |
| Italian: | artico | adj | arctic | CDC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ἄρκτος | n.masc/fem | bear; Ursa Major | LRC |
| Ἄρτεμις | prop.n.fem | Artemis | LS | |
| Greek: | arktikos | adj | arctic; re: bear | W7 |
| Arktouros | prop.n.masc | Arcturus, lit. bear-watcher | AHD | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | hartagga- | n | bear | LRC |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | arǰ | n | bear | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | arəšō | n | bear | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | ŕ̥kṣaḥ | n | bear | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| prop | = | proper |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
