Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: sā-, sə- 'enough, satiate, sufficient'
Semantic Field(s): Enough
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | sadian | vb | to sate | AHD |
| sæd | adj | sated; weary | W7 | |
| Middle English: | sad | adj | sad | W7 |
| English: | assai | adv | very | AHD/W7 |
| asset | n | property of deceased subject to seizure for debt payment | AHD/W7 | |
| hadron | n | subatomic particle subject to strong force | AHD | |
| sad | adj | downcast, affected with/expressive of grief/unhappiness | AHD/W7 | |
| sate | vb | to fill, glut, satiate | AHD | |
| satiate | adj | sated, satiated | W7 | |
| satiate | vb.trans | to satisfy fully | AHD/W7 | |
| satiety | n | surfeit, fullness | AHD/W7 | |
| satire | n | literary work holding up vices/follies to scorn/ridicule | AHD/W7 | |
| saturate | vb.trans | to surfeit, cloy with overabundance | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Saxon: | sad | adj | sated | ASD |
| Old Low German: | sad | adj | sated | ASD |
| Old High German: | sat | adj | sated | W7 |
| satōn | vb | to sate, satisfy | ASD | |
| German: | gesättigt | adj | sated | LRC |
| satt | adj | full | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | saðr, saddr | adj | sated | ASD |
| seðja | vb | to sate, satisfy | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | saþs | adj | sated | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | satiatus | vb.ptc | sated | W7 |
| satietas, satietatis | n.fem | satiety | W7 | |
| satio, satiare | vb | to sate, be full, have enough | W7 | |
| satira | n.fem | medley, mixed poetic genre | W7 | |
| satis | adv | enough, adequately, sufficiently | LRC | |
| satur | adj | sated | W7 | |
| satura | n.fem | medley, mixed poetic genre | W7 | |
| saturatus | vb.ptc | saturated | W7 | |
| saturo, saturāre | vb | to saturate | W7 | |
| Middle Latin: | satis | adv | enough | CDC |
| Portuguese: | assaz, assas | n | assets | CDC |
| Old Spanish: | asaz | n | assets | CDC |
| Old French: | as(s)ez, as(s)et | n | asset(s) | CDC |
| assez | adv | enough | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | as(s)etz | n.masc | property sufficient to pay debts/legacies | CDC/W7 |
| Middle French: | satieté | n.fem | satiety | W7 |
| satire | n.fem | satire, mocking | W7 | |
| French: | assez | n | assets | CDC |
| Old Occitan: | assatz | n | assets | CDC |
| Italian: | assai | adv | (very) much | CID/W7 |
| assai | n | assets | CDC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἁδρός | adj | thick, strong, full-grown | AHD/LS |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
