Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: sāg- 'to seek, track, trail'
Semantic Field(s): to Pursue
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | saigid | vb | to seek out, approach, attack | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | forsacan | vb.str | to forsake | ASD/W7 |
| sacan, sōc, sōcon, sacen | vb.str | to fight, contend; sue, blame, accuse | ASD | |
| sacu | n.fem | sake; strife, dispute; guilt, lawsuit | ASD | |
| sēc(e)an, sōhte, sōht | vb.wk.I | to seek, investigate | ASD/RPN | |
| sōcn | n.fem | inquiry, investigation | ASD/RPN | |
| Middle English: | forsaken | vb | to forsake | W7 |
| presage | n | presage | W7 | |
| ransaken | vb | to ransack | W7 | |
| sake | n | sake | W7 | |
| seken | vb | to seek | W7 | |
| soc, soke | n | soke | W7 | |
| English: | exegesis | n | explanation/critical interpretation of text | AHD/W7 |
| forsake, forsook, forsaken | vb.str.trans | to renounce, give up | AHD/W7 | |
| Forsaken | prop.n | inn east of Bree in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| hegemony | n | preponderant influence/authority | AHD/W7 | |
| presage | n | omen, something that portends/foreshadows future event | AHD/W7 | |
| ramshackle | adj | rickety, poorly constructed, near disintegration | AHD | |
| ransack | vb.trans | to search thoroughly | AHD/W7 | |
| sagacious | adj | keen in sense perception | AHD/W7 | |
| sake | n | end, purpose | AHD/W7 | |
| seek, sought | vb | to look/search for, try to find | AHD/OED | |
| soke | n | jurisdiction over people/territory | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | sake, seke | n | sake, cause, ground, reason | ASD |
| sēka | vb | to seek | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | saka | n | sake, cause, ground, reason | ASD |
| sakan | vb | to blame, rebuke | ASD | |
| sōkian | vb | to seek | ASD | |
| Old Low German: | saca | n | sake, cause, ground, reason | ASD |
| suocan | vb | to seek | ASD | |
| Old High German: | sahha | n | sake, suit, cause, ground, reason | ASD |
| sahhan | vb | to blame, rebuke, dispute | ASD | |
| sōhni | n | search, inquiry | ASD | |
| suohhan, suohhen | vb | to seek | RPN/W7 | |
| German: | Sache | n.fem | sake, cause, object | LRC |
| suchen | vb | to seek | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | rannsaka | vb | to ransack, plunder | W7 |
| -saka | vb.sfx | to seek | W7 | |
| sætt | n.fem | reconciliation | LRC | |
| sætta | vb | to reconcile | LRC | |
| sǫk | n.fem | sake, cause, reason; lawsuit, dispute | LRC | |
| sœkja | vb | to seek, fetch; visit; proceed | LRC | |
| Icelandic: | saka | vb.wk | to fight, blame, accuse | ASD |
| sókn | n | attack, prosecution; parish, assemblage of people | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | gasakan | vb.str.VI | to rebuke, reprove | LRC |
| sakan | vb | to strive, rebuke | ASD | |
| sakjō | n | strife | ASD | |
| sōkareis | n | investigator, disputer | RPN | |
| sōkeins | n | investigation | RPN | |
| sōkjan | vb | to seek, desire; dispute | RPN | |
| sōkns | n | search, inquiry | RPN | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | praesagio, praesagīre | vb | to forebode | W7 |
| praesagium | n.neut | omen | W7 | |
| sāga | n | wise woman, fortune-teller | RPN | |
| sāgax, sāgacis | adj | keen, sagacious | LRC | |
| sāgio, sāgire | vb | to feel keenly, perceive quickly | RPN | |
| sāgus | adj | prophetic | RPN | |
| Medieval Latin: | soca | n.fem | inquiry, jurisdiction | W7 |
| New Latin: | exegesis | n.fem | exegesis, interpretation | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | exēgeisthai | vb | to explain, interpret | W7 |
| exēgēsis | n.fem | exegesis | W7 | |
| hēgeisthai | vb | to lead | W7 | |
| ἡγεμονεύω | vb | to govern | LRC | |
| hēgemonia | n.fem | leadership of one | W7 | |
| ἡγεμών | n.masc | leader | LRC | |
| hēgemōn | n.masc | leader | W7 | |
| ἡγέομαι | vb.dep | to lead, rule, regard | LRC | |
| hēdeisthai | vb | to know | W7 | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | šagaiš | n | sign, omen | RPN |
| šākiya- | vb | to declare, give a sign | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| VI | = | class 6 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |