Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: sed- 'to sit, set, settle'
Semantic Field(s): to Sit
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | síde | n | fairy | AHD |
| sūide | n | soot | W7 | |
| tánaise | n | tanist | AHD | |
| Irish: | bean-sīdhe | n | banshee | CDC |
| sīd | n | fairy abode | W2I | |
| sīde | n | fairy folk | W2I | |
| sídhe | n | fairy | AHD | |
| tánaiste | n | tanist, second | AHD | |
| Gaelic: | b(e)an-sīth | n.fem | banshee | CDC/W7 |
| sīth | n | fairy | W2I | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | besettan | vb | to beset | AHD |
| cot-sǣta | n.masc | cottager, cottage inhabitant | AHD/ASD | |
| land-sǣta | n.masc | colonist, one settled in a country | ASD | |
| medu-setl | n.neut | lit. mead-seat | LRC | |
| sadol | n.masc | saddle | W7 | |
| sǣta | n.masc | dweller, resident, inhabitant | AHD/ASD | |
| se(o)tl, sedl, seðl, seatl | n.neut | seat, settle | ASD/W7 | |
| settan, sette, seted, set(t) | vb.wk | to set | W7 | |
| sittan, sæt, sǣton, seten | vb.str | to sit | ASD/W7 | |
| sōt | n.neut | soot | W7 | |
| Middle English: | acceden | vb | to accede | W7 |
| access | n | access | W7 | |
| ancestre, auncestre | n | ancestor | AHD/W7 | |
| assessen | vb | to assess | W7 | |
| as(s)ise, assize, assys | n | assize | CDC/W7 | |
| bisetten | vb | to beset | AHD | |
| cesen | vb | to cease | W7 | |
| cession | n | cession | W7 | |
| chaiere | n | chair | W7 | |
| cotsete | n | cottage dweller | AHD | |
| deces | n | decease | W7 | |
| exceden | vb | to exceed | W7 | |
| eyas | n | eyas | W7 | |
| incessaunt | adj | incessant | W7 | |
| necessarie | adj | necessary | W7 | |
| neias | n | eyas | W7 | |
| nest | n | nest | W7 | |
| nocke | n | nock, notched end | W7 | |
| nyke | n | nick, notch | W7 | |
| pariode | n | period | W7 | |
| possessen | vb | to possess | W7 | |
| preceden | vb | to precede | W7 | |
| predecessour | n | predecessor | W7 | |
| proceden | vb | to proceed | W7 | |
| residen | vb | to reside | W7 | |
| sadel | n | saddle | W7 | |
| se | n | see | W7 | |
| session | n | session | W7 | |
| sete | n | seat | W7 | |
| setten | vb | to set | W7 | |
| settle | n | settle | W7 | |
| settlen | vb | to seat, bring/come to rest | W7 | |
| sewer | n | sewer | W7 | |
| sitten | vb | to sit | W7 | |
| soil | n | soil | W7 | |
| soot | n | soot | W7 | |
| subsidy | n | subsidy | W7 | |
| succeden | vb | to succeed | W7 | |
| surcesen | vb | to surcease | W7 | |
| sursesen | vb | to surcease | W7 | |
| English: | abscess | n | collection of pus in inflamed tissue | AHD/W7 |
| accede | vb.intrans | to approach | AHD/W7 | |
| access | n | onset, outburst, fit of intense feeling | AHD/W7 | |
| ancestor | n | person from whom one is descended | AHD/W7 | |
| anode | n | positive terminal of electrolytic cell | AHD/W7 | |
| antecede | vb.trans | to precede | AHD/W7 | |
| assess | vb.trans | to set rate/amount (e.g. of tax) | AHD/W7 | |
| assiduous | adj | steadily attentive | AHD/W7 | |
| assize | n | ordinance, enactment made by legislative assembly | AHD/W7 | |
| babysit, babysat | vb.str.intrans | to care for children | W7 | |
| banshee | n | female spirit whose wailing warns family of approaching death (Gaelic folklore) | AHD/W7 | |
| beset, beset | vb.irr.trans | to surround, encircle, set about with | AHD/OED | |
| cathedra | n | bishop's official throne | AHD/W7 | |
| cathedral | n | church containing cathedra | W7 | |
| cathode | n | negative terminal of electrolytic cell | AHD/W7 | |
| cease | vb | to terminate, bring to end | AHD/W7 | |
| cede | vb.trans | to yield/grant (typically by treaty) | AHD/W7 | |
| cession | n | concession, yielding to another | AHD/W7 | |
| chair | n | seat (for one person) with four legs and back | AHD/W7 | |
| concede | vb | to grant as right/privilege | AHD/W7 | |
| cosset | n | pet (lamb) | AHD | |
| cosset | vb | to pamper | AHD | |
| decease | n | death, departure from life | AHD/W7 | |
| dissident | adj | disaffected, differing with group/opinion | AHD/W7 | |
| edaphic | adj | re: soil | AHD/W7 | |
| ephedrine | n | crystalline alkaloid extracted from plants | AHD/W7 | |
| episode | n | unit of action in dramatic/literary work | AHD/W7 | |
| ersatz | adj | synthetic, substitute | AHD/W7 | |
| exceed | vb | to extend outside | AHD/W7 | |
| eyas | n | unfledged bird, nestling hawk | AHD/W7 | |
| -hedron | n.sfx | crystal/geometric figure having (specified) form/number of surfaces | AHD/W7 | |
| icosahedron | n | polyhedron with 20 faces | AHD/W7 | |
| incessant | adj | unceasing, continuing/following without interruption | AHD/W7 | |
| insessorial | adj | re: perching | AHD/W7 | |
| insidious | adj | treacherous, awaiting chance to entrap | AHD/W7 | |
| intercede | vb.intrans | to mediate, act with view to reconciling differences between parties | AHD/W7 | |
| isopiestic | adj | isobaric, re: equal pressure | AHD/W7 | |
| method | n | process/procedure for accomplishing something | AHD/W7 | |
| necessary | adj | inescapable, of inevitable nature | AHD/W7 | |
| nest | n | bed/receptacle prepared by bird for eggs/young | AHD/W7 | |
| nest | vb | to build/occupy a nest | W7 | |
| niche | n | recess in wall (esp. for statue) | AHD/W7 | |
| nick | n | slit, notch | AHD/W7 | |
| nide | n | nest/brood of pheasants | AHD | |
| nidicolous | adj | reared in nest | AHD/W7 | |
| nidifugous | adj | leaving nest soon after hatching | AHD/W7 | |
| nidify | vb | to build a nest | AHD | |
| nidus | n | nest/breeding place | AHD/W7 | |
| obsess | vb.trans | to beset, harass | AHD/W7 | |
| octahedron | n | solid with 8 plane faces | W7 | |
| -ode | n.sfx | way, path | AHD | |
| odograph | n | instrument for recording course/distance traveled | AHD | |
| odometer | n | instrument for measuring distance traversed | AHD/W7 | |
| period | n | sentence, utterance from full stop to stop | AHD/W7 | |
| physostomous | adj | with connecting tube between air bladder and alimentary canal | AHD | |
| piezo- | pfx | pressure | AHD/W7 | |
| possess | vb.trans | to own/have as property | AHD/W7 | |
| precede | vb | to surpass in rank/dignity/importance | AHD/W7 | |
| predecessor | n | one that precedes | AHD/W7 | |
| preside | vb.intrans | to occupy place/position of authority | AHD/W7 | |
| proceed | vb.intrans | to issue, come forth from source | AHD/W7 | |
| proctodeum | n | inward fold on embryonic ectoderm that develops into anal passage | AHD | |
| recede | vb.intrans | to withdraw, move back/away | AHD/W7 | |
| reside | vb.intrans | to be incumbent in office/benefice | AHD/W7 | |
| retrocede | vb.intrans | to recede, go back | AHD/W7 | |
| saddle | n | padded/leather-covered seat for (horseback) rider | AHD/W7 | |
| seance | n | sitting, session | AHD/W7 | |
| seat | n | chair, sitting place | AHD/W7 | |
| secede | vb.intrans | to withdraw from communion/organization | AHD/W7 | |
| sedate | adj | unruffled, keeping quiet steady pace/attitude | AHD/W7 | |
| sedentary | adj | settled, not migratory | AHD/W7 | |
| sederunt | n | prolonged sitting (e.g. for discussion) | AHD/W7 | |
| sedile, sedilia | n | seat for clergy near chancel | AHD/CDC | |
| sediment | n | dregs, matter settled to bottom of liquid | AHD/W7 | |
| see | n | cathedra | AHD/W7 | |
| sessile | adj | attached directly by base (not raised on stalk/peduncle) | AHD/W7 | |
| session | n | meeting(s) of group for transaction of business | AHD/W7 | |
| set, set | vb.irr | to put, place, cause to sit | AHD/W7 | |
| settle | n | wooden bench with arms/high solid back/enclosed foundation | AHD/W7 | |
| settle | vb | to put/fix so as to stay | AHD/W7 | |
| settlement | n | act/process of settling | IEW/W7 | |
| sewer | n | medieval household table officer | AHD/W7 | |
| shee, sidhe | n | fairy fort/abode | W2I | |
| siege | n.obs | throne, seat of distinction | AHD/W7 | |
| sit, sat | vb.str | to rest upon buttocks/haunches | AHD/W7 | |
| sitz | adj/n | seated; sitting | AHD | |
| sitzmark | n | depression left in snow by skier falling backward | AHD/W7 | |
| soil | n | earth, firm land | AHD/W7 | |
| soot | n | black ash/powder formed by combustion | AHD/W7 | |
| stomodaeum | n | anterior ectodermal part of alimentary tract/canal | AHD/W7 | |
| subside | vb.intrans | to settle, sink/fall to bottom | AHD/W7 | |
| subsidy | n | gift/grant of money | AHD/W7 | |
| succeed | vb | to come after another in (possession of) estate | AHD/W7 | |
| supersede | vb.trans | to defer, postpone, omit, discontinue | AHD/W7 | |
| surcease | vb | to desist from action | AHD/W7 | |
| synizesis | n | uniting (in pronunciation) adjacent vowels to form one syllable | AHD/W7 | |
| synod | n | council | AHD/W7 | |
| tanist | n | ancient Celtic chief or elected heir apparent | AHD/CDC | |
| tetrahedron | n | polyhedron of four faces | AHD/W7 | |
| trisoctahedron | n | regular solid with 24 congruent faces | AHD/W7 | |
| Upanishad | prop.n | collection of Vedic religious/philosophical texts (Hinduism) | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | sedel | n | seat, settle | ASD |
| setta | vb | to set | ASD | |
| sibbe | adj | related | ASD | |
| sitta | vb | to sit | ASD | |
| Dutch: | kathedraal | n | cathedral | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | sedel | n | seat, settle | ASD |
| settian | vb | to set | ASD | |
| sittian | vb | to sit | ASD | |
| Old Low German: | land-sētio | n | colonist, one settled in a country | ASD |
| Old High German: | nest | n | nest | W7 |
| satal, satul | n.masc | saddle | ASD/W7 | |
| sed(h)al, sethal | n | throne, residence | ASD | |
| sezzal | n | seat | W7 | |
| sezzan, sezzen | vb | to set | ASD/W7 | |
| sizzan, sizzen | vb | to sit | ASD/W7 | |
| German: | Ersatz | n.masc | substitute, replacement | W7 |
| Kathedrale | n | cathedral | TLL | |
| Nest | n.neut | nest | LRC | |
| Sattel | n.masc | saddle | LRC | |
| setzen | vb | to set | LRC | |
| Sitz | n.masc | seat | LRC | |
| sitzen | vb | to sit | W7 | |
| Sitzmarke | n.fem | sitzmark, lit. sitting-mark | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | set | n.neut | seat; raised floor along sides of hall | LRC |
| setja | vb | to set, seat | LRC | |
| sæti | n | seat | W7 | |
| Icelandic: | setja | vb | to set | ASD |
| sitja | vb | to sit | ASD | |
| sót | n.neut | soot | ASD | |
| söðull | n.masc | saddle | ASD | |
| Danish: | katedral | n | cathedral | TLL |
| Swedish: | besättning | n | crew | TLL |
| katedral | n | cathedral | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | satjan | vb | to set | ASD |
| sitan | vb.str.V | to sit | LRC | |
| sitls | n.masc | seat, throne, nest | ASD | |
| un-sibis | adj | impious | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | abscēdo, abscedere | vb | to go away | W7 |
| abscessus | n.masc | act of going away | W7 | |
| abscessus | vb.ptc | gone away | W7 | |
| accedo, accedere | vb | to approach, go to, be added | W7 | |
| accessus | n.masc | approach | W7 | |
| accessus | vb.ptc | approached | W7 | |
| antecedo, antecedere | vb | to go before | W7 | |
| antecessor | n.masc | one that goes before | W7 | |
| antecessus | vb.ptc | one who came before | W7 | |
| assideō, assidēre | vb | to sit by/near, assist in office of judge | W7 | |
| assīdō, assīdere | vb | to sit down, take a seat | W7 | |
| assiduus | adj | continuous | W7 | |
| cathedra | n.fem | seat, local seat of the Church | W7 | |
| cēdō, cedere, cessī, cessum | vb | to go, cede, depart, withdraw | LRC | |
| cessans, cessantis | vb.ptc | stopping | W7 | |
| cessio, cessionis | n.fem | giving up | W7 | |
| cesso, cessare | vb | to stop, delay | W7 | |
| cessus | vb.ptc | given up | W7 | |
| cis | prep | on this side | W7 | |
| concedo, concedere | vb | to yield, concede | W7 | |
| decedo, decedere | vb | to die, depart, withdraw | W7 | |
| decessor | n.masc | retiring governor | W7 | |
| decessus | n.masc | death, departure | W7 | |
| dissidens, dissidentis | adj/vb.ptc | sitting apart, disagreeing | W7 | |
| dissideo, dissidēre | vb | to sit apart, disagree | W7 | |
| ephedra | n.fem | a (nearly leafless) desert shrub | W7 | |
| excedo, excedere | vb | to go out | W7 | |
| insessus | vb.ptc | seated on | W7 | |
| insideo, insidēre | vb | to sit on | W7 | |
| insidiae | n.fem.pl | plot, ambush | W7 | |
| insidiosus | adj | plotting | W7 | |
| intercedo, intercedere | vb | to go between | W7 | |
| methodus | n.masc | method | W7 | |
| necessarius | adj | necessary, closely connected | W7 | |
| necesse | adj | requisite, necessary, unavoidable | W7 | |
| nīdus | n.masc | nest | W7 | |
| obsessus | vb.ptc | to be obsessed | W7 | |
| obsido, obsidēre | vb | to obsess, besiege | W7 | |
| periodus | n.fem | rhetorical period | W7 | |
| possessio, possessionis | n.fem | possession | LRC | |
| possessus | vb.ptc | possessed | W7 | |
| possideo, possidēre | vb | to possess | W7 | |
| praecedo, praecedere | vb | to precede | W7 | |
| praesideo, praesidēre | vb | to guard, preside over, lit. sit in front of | W7 | |
| prōcēdō, procedere, processī, processum | vb | to proceed, advance, go forward | LRC | |
| recēdō, rēcedere, rēcessī, rēcessum | vb | to recede, retire | LRC | |
| resideo, residēre | vb | to reside, remain | W7 | |
| retrocedo, retrocedere | vb | to give back | W7 | |
| secedo, secedere | vb | to secede, separate | W7 | |
| sedatus | vb.ptc | calmed, sedate | W7 | |
| sedens, sedentis | adj | sitting | W7 | |
| sedentarius | adj | sedentary | W7 | |
| sedeō, sedēre | vb | to sit | W7 | |
| sedes, sedis | n.fem | seat, habitation | LRC | |
| sedīle, sedīlis | n.neut | seat, bench, sedile | CLD/W7 | |
| sedimentum | n.neut | settling, sediment | W7 | |
| sēdō, sēdāre | vb | to lay, calm, settle | W7 | |
| sella | n.fem | seat, chair, saddle | W7 | |
| sessilis | adj | low, re: sitting, dwarf (of plants) | W7 | |
| sessio, sessionis | stem | act/period of sitting | W7 | |
| sessus | vb.ptc | sat | W7 | |
| sīdo, sīdere | vb | to sink, settle, sit down | W7 | |
| solium | n.neut | seat | W7 | |
| subsidium | n.neut | help, reserves | W7 | |
| subsido, subsidere | vb | to squat, bow down | W7 | |
| succēdō, succedere, successī, sucessum | vb | to enter, succeed, follow after | LRC | |
| supersedeō, supersedēre | vb | to sit on, refrain from, be superior to | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | assedo, assedēre | vb | to sit beside | W7 |
| nidax | n.masc | nestling | W7 | |
| nidico, nidicāre | vb | to nest | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | incessans, incessantis | adj | incessant, non-stop | W7 |
| praedecessor | n.masc | predecessor, one who comes before | W7 | |
| synodus | n.masc | synod, meeting, assembly | W7 | |
| Middle Latin: | assessare | vb | to assess, impose tax | CDC |
| Medieval Latin: | assessus | vb.ptc | assessed | W7 |
| assideō, assidēre | vb | to assess | W7 | |
| periodus | n.fem | period of time; punctuation mark | W7 | |
| retrocedo, retrocedere | vb | to retrocede, give again | W7 | |
| New Latin: | Ephedra | prop.n.fem | (genus of) shrub | W7 |
| -hedron | n.sfx | side, face | W7 | |
| nidus | n.masc | nest, breeding place | W7 | |
| stomodaeum | n.neut | anterior ectodermal part of alimentary canal/tract | W7 | |
| tetrahedron | n.neut | polyhedron with four faces | W7 | |
| Old French: | acces | n | access, arrival | AHD |
| ancestre | n.masc | ancestor | W7 | |
| asseoir | vb | to seat | W7 | |
| assesser | vb | to assess | CDC | |
| as(s)ise | n.fem | assize, session, assessment, settlement | CDC/W7 | |
| auncestre | n | ancestor | AHD | |
| cesser | vb | to stop | W7 | |
| chaiere | vb | to sit | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | asseour | n.masc | seater | W7 |
| soil | n.masc | seat | W7 | |
| Middle French: | acces | n.masc | arrival | W7 |
| cession | n.fem | action of yielding/giving up | W7 | |
| deces | n.masc | decease | W7 | |
| exceder | vb | to exceed | W7 | |
| methode | n.fem | method | W7 | |
| niais | adj | fresh from the nest; stupid | W7 | |
| niche | n.fem | nest, cavity | W7 | |
| nicher | vb | to nest | W7 | |
| periode | n.fem | period | W7 | |
| possesser | vb | to possess | W7 | |
| précéder | vb | to precede, come before | W7 | |
| prédecessur | n.masc | predecessor | W7 | |
| procéder | vb | to proceed | W7 | |
| résider | vb | to dwell, reside | W7 | |
| sédentaire | adj | sedentary | W7 | |
| sédiment | n.masc | sediment | W7 | |
| session | n.fem | session, assembly, period of work | W7 | |
| superséder | vb | to refrain from | W7 | |
| surseoir | vb | to allow delay | W7 | |
| sursis | vb.ptc | allowed delay | W7 | |
| French: | asseoir | vb | to seat oneself | W7 |
| céder | vb | to yield | W7 | |
| concéder | vb | to concede | W7 | |
| niche | n.fem | nest, cavity | W7 | |
| nid | n | nest | TLL | |
| odomètre | n.masc | odometer | W7 | |
| rétrocéder | vb | to retrocede, give back | W7 | |
| séance | n.fem | period of sitting for a meeting | W7 | |
| seoir | vb | to sit, fit, be suitable | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | sėdėti, sėdi, sėdėjo | vb | to sit | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | sěděti, sěždǫ, sědiši | vb | to sit, remain | LRC |
| sěsti, sědǫ, sědeši | vb | to sit down | LRC | |
| xoditi, xoždǫ, xodiši | vb | to go, walk | LRC | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | sukses | n.masc | success | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | anodos | n.masc | way up | W7 |
| edaphos | n.neut | ground, bottom | W7 | |
| hedra | n.fem | seat | W7 | |
| -edron | afx | side | W7 | |
| hezesthai | vb | to sit | W7 | |
| eikosaedron | n.neut | icosahedron | W7 | |
| eisodios | adj | coming in | W7 | |
| ἐνέδρα | n.fem | ambush | LRC | |
| epeisodios | adj | coming in besides | W7 | |
| ἔσοδος | n.fem | entrance | LRC | |
| Ephedra | prop.n.fem | Ephedra | W7 | |
| ephedros | adj | sitting upon | W7 | |
| hizein | vb | to set down | W7 | |
| kathedra | n.fem | seat, local seat of the Church | W7 | |
| kathodos | n.fem | way down | W7 | |
| μέθ-οδος | n.fem | method, pursuit, scientific inquiry | LS | |
| hodaios | adj | being on the way | W7 | |
| hodometron | n.neut | odometer | W7 | |
| ὁδός | n.fem | way, road | LRC | |
| periodos | n.masc | circuit, period of time, rhetorical period | W7 | |
| piezein | vb | to press | W7 | |
| piestos | adj | compressible | W7 | |
| synizein | vb | to blend, collapse, sit down together | W7 | |
| synizēsis | n.fem | blending of adjacent vowels in prosody | W7 | |
| synodos | n.masc | meeting, assembly | W7 | |
| Late Greek: | synodos | n.masc | synod | W7 |
| tetraedron | n.neut | tetrahedron | W7 | |
| tetraedros | adj | having four faces | W7 | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | nstim | vb | to sit | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | upaniṣad | n | Upanishad | W7 |
| pīḍayati | vb | to squeeze | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| V | = | class 5 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| afx | = | affix |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| irr | = | irregular |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| obs | = | obsolete |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| stem | = | stem |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
