Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: se- 'self, one's own'
Semantic Field(s): to Own, Possess
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | gelīc | adj | like | W7 |
| god-sibb | n.masc | sponsor | W7 | |
| se(o)lf, silf, sylf | pron.refl | self, same | ASD | |
| sibb | adj/n | related; kinship, kinsman | W7 | |
| swā | adv | so, thus | LRC | |
| swān | n | swain: boy, herdsman | W7 | |
| swilc | adj/pron | such | LRC | |
| swilce | adv | thus, likewise, such (manner) | LRC | |
| Middle English: | bootswein | n | boatswain | W7 |
| consuetude | n | consuetude | W7 | |
| custume | n | customer | W7 | |
| desolat | adj | desolate | W7 | |
| ethik | n | ethic | W7 | |
| ethnic | adj | ethnic | W7 | |
| gossib | n | gossip | W7 | |
| mansuetude | n | mansuetude | W7 | |
| mastif | n | mastiff | W7 | |
| sib | adj/n | sib | W7 | |
| so | adv | so | W7 | |
| sobre | adj | sober | W7 | |
| solain | adj | sullen, solitary, | W7 | |
| sole | adj | sole | W7 | |
| solitary | adj | solitary | W7 | |
| solitude | n | solitude | W7 | |
| such | adj | such | W7 | |
| swein | n | swain: boy, servant | W7 | |
| English: | boatswain | n | petty officer on ship | AHD/W7 |
| cacoethes | n | mania, insatiable desire | AHD/W7 | |
| consuetude | n | custom, social usage | AHD/W7 | |
| custom | n | common usage/practice | AHD/W7 | |
| desolate | adj | deserted, devoid of visitors/inhabitants | AHD/W7 | |
| desuetude | n | disuse, discontinuance from use/exercise | AHD/W7 | |
| ethic | n | discipline re: what is good vs. bad | AHD/W7 | |
| ethnic | adj | heathen, neither Christian nor Jewish | AHD/W7 | |
| ethno- | pfx | race, people, cultural group | AHD/W7 | |
| ethos | n | distinguishing tone/character/guiding beliefs | AHD/W7 | |
| gossip | n | godparent | AHD/W7 | |
| hetaera | n | highly cultivated Greek courtesan | AHD/W7 | |
| idio- | pfx | distinct, personal, separate, one's own | AHD/W7 | |
| idiom | n | dialect, language peculiar to class/people/district/community | AHD/W7 | |
| idiopathic | adj | peculiar to individual | W7 | |
| idiopathy | n | idiopathic disease/anomaly | AHD/W7 | |
| idiot | n | person afflicted with idiocy | AHD/W7 | |
| khedive | n | Turkish viceroy in Egypt | AHD | |
| Khotanese | prop.n | ancient language of Xinjiang | AHD | |
| mansuetude | n | tameness, meekness, gentleness | AHD/W7 | |
| mastiff | n | (very large type of) dog | AHD/W7 | |
| nisi | adj | taking effect at specified time unless voided/modified | AHD/W7 | |
| quasi | adv | seemingly, in some sense/degree | AHD/W7 | |
| seduce | vb | to persuade to disobey | AHD/W7 | |
| seduction | n | seducing to wrong | AHD/W7 | |
| self | pron.inten/refl | person, individual | AHD/W7 | |
| sib | adj | akin, related by blood | AHD/W7 | |
| sic | adv | intentionally so written | AHD/W7 | |
| so | adv | in way/manner suggested/indicated | AHD/W7 | |
| sober | adj | abstemious, sparing in use of food/drink | AHD/W7 | |
| sodality | n | brotherhood, community | AHD/W7 | |
| sole | adj | only, solitary | AHD/W7 | |
| solipsism | n | theory holding that only self exists | AHD/W7 | |
| solitary | adj | being/living/going alone/without companions | AHD/W7 | |
| solitude | n | seclusion, being alone/remote from society | AHD/W7 | |
| solo | n | musical composition for single voice/instrument | AHD/W7 | |
| such | adj/pron | (re:) kind/character suggested/indicated | AHD/W7 | |
| suicide | n | act/instance of killing oneself | AHD/W7 | |
| sullen | adj | gloomily/resentfully silent/repressed | AHD/W7 | |
| swain | n | peasant, rustic | AHD/W7 | |
| swami | n | Hindu ascetic/religious teacher | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | sā | adv | so, as, thus | ASD |
| self | pron | self, very own | ASD | |
| se-līk | pron | such | ASD | |
| selk | pron | such | ASD | |
| suck | pron | such | ASD | |
| sulch | pron | such | ASD | |
| sulk | pron | such | ASD | |
| Dutch: | als | conj | when | TLL |
| zijn | pron.3.sg.masc/neut.gen | his, its | TLL | |
| zoo | conj | as | TLL | |
| zoodat | conj | so that | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | self | pron | self, very own | ASD |
| sō | adv | so, as, thus | ASD | |
| su-līk | pron | such | ASD | |
| Old High German: | selb, selp | pron.inten | self | ASD/W7 |
| sīn | pron.poss | his | W7 | |
| sippa | n | kinship, family | W7 | |
| sō | adv | so | W7 | |
| solh | pron | such | ASD | |
| so-līh | pron | such | ASD | |
| su-līh | adj/pron | such | ASD/W7 | |
| German: | als | conj | than, when | TLL |
| sein | pron.poss | his | LRC | |
| selber | pron.inten | self | LRC | |
| Sippe | n.fem | kinship, family | LRC | |
| so | adv | so | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | sik | pron.refl | him-/her-/it-self; them-selves | LRC |
| sjálfr | adj | self; him-/her-/it-self; themselves | LRC | |
| slíkr | adj | such | LRC | |
| svá | adv | so, thus, in this way; also; as, as if | LRC | |
| sveinn | n | boy, servant | W7 | |
| Icelandic: | sjálfr | pron | self, very own | ASD |
| slíkr | pron | such | ASD | |
| svá, svó | adv | so, as, thus | ASD | |
| Danish: | saa | adv | so, as, thus | ASD |
| Swedish: | så | adv | so, as, thus | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *seins | poss.adj | one's own | LRC |
| silba | pron.refl | self | LRC | |
| swa | adv | so, as, thus | LRC | |
| swa-leiks | adj/pron | such | ASD | |
| swaswē | conj | as, just as; so as; so as to, so that | LRC | |
| swē | conj | like, as, just as; so that; about | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | consuesco, consuescere | vb | to accustom | W7 |
| consuetudo | n.fem | custom, mores | W7 | |
| consuetus | vb.ptc | used to | W7 | |
| desolatus | vb.ptc | abandoned | W7 | |
| desolo, desolāre | vb | to abandon | W7 | |
| desuesco, desuescere | vb | to become unaccustomed | W7 | |
| desuetudo | n.fem | obsoleteness | W7 | |
| desuetus | vb.ptc | obsolete | W7 | |
| idiota | n.masc | ignorant person | W7 | |
| ipse, ipsa, ipsum | pron | himself, herself, itself | W7 | |
| mansuesco, mansuescere | vb | to tame | W7 | |
| mansuetudo | n.fem | mansuetude | W7 | |
| mansuetus | adj | tame, mild | W7 | |
| nisi | conj | unless, if not | W7 | |
| quasi | adv | almost | W7 | |
| se- | pfx | apart | W7 | |
| se | pron.acc/abl | oneself | W7 | |
| sed | conj | but | W7 | |
| sī | conj | if | LRC | |
| sīc | adv | so, thus | LRC | |
| sobrius | adj | sober | W7 | |
| sodalis | n.masc | comrade | W7 | |
| sodalitas, sodalitatis | n.fem | comradeship, club | W7 | |
| solea | n.fem | sandal; flatfish | W7 | |
| sōleō, solēre, solitum | vb | to be accustomed | LRC | |
| solitarius | adj | alone, solitary | W7 | |
| solitas | n.fem | aloneness | W7 | |
| sōlitūdō, sōlitūdinis | n.fem | solitude | W7 | |
| solitus, solita, solitum | adj | usual, accustomed | LRC | |
| solus, sola, solum | adj | alone | LRC | |
| suesco, suescere | vb | to accustom, become accustomed | W7 | |
| sui | pron.refl.gen | of oneself | W7 | |
| suus, sua, suum | pron/adj.poss | one's own | LRC | |
| Vulgar Latin: | mansuetinus | adj | tame | W7 |
| Late Latin: | ethnicus | adj | ethnic | W7 |
| idioma | n.neut | individual peculiarity of language | W7 | |
| New Latin: | ethos | n.masc | habits of living | W7 |
| Portuguese: | se | conj | if, whether | TLL |
| Spanish: | si | conj | if, whether | TLL |
| sino | conj | but | TLL | |
| Old French: | custume | n.fem | custom | W7 |
| se | pron.refl | oneself | W7 | |
| Middle French: | ethique | n.fem | ethic | W7 |
| idiome | n.masc | idiom, language | W7 | |
| mastin | n.masc | mastiff | W7 | |
| sobre | adj | sober, simple | W7 | |
| solain | adj | sullen | W7 | |
| sole | n.fem | flatfish | W7 | |
| solitude | n.fem | solitude, loneliness | W7 | |
| French: | désuétude | n.fem | obsoleteness | W7 |
| ethno- | pfx | ethno- | W7 | |
| si | conj | if, whether | TLL | |
| Italian: | così | conj | as | TLL |
| se | conj | if, whether | TLL | |
| solo | adj | alone, single | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | savę̃s | pron.refl | oneself, itself | LRC |
| Latvian: | sava | pron | his, one's | LRC |
| savs | pron | his | LRC | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | svoi, svoe, svoja | adj | own, one's own | LRC |
| sebe | pron.refl | self | LRC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ἑταῖρος | n.masc | comrade, companion | LRC |
| ἕταρος | n.masc | comrade, companion | LRC | |
| Greek: | ethnikos | adj | ethnic, gentile, national | W7 |
| ethnos | n.neut | tribe, nation | W7 | |
| ἕκαστος | adj/pron.indef | each, every | LRC | |
| ἐός | adj | his, her | LRC | |
| hetaira | n.fem | female companion, prostitute | W7 | |
| hetairos | n.masc | companion | W7 | |
| ēthikē | n.fem | ethic | W7 | |
| ēthikos | adj | ethical, re: character | W7 | |
| ἦθος | n.neut | ethos, custom | LRC | |
| ἰδίᾳ | adv | privately | LRC | |
| ἰδίαν | adv | alone | LRC | |
| idiopatheia | adj | idiopathy, particular affection | W7 | |
| ἴδιος | adj | own, private, particular | LRC | |
| idiousthai | vb | to appropriate | W7 | |
| idiōma | n.neut | idiom | W7 | |
| idiōtēs | n.masc | idiot, layman, ignorant person | W7 | |
| kakoēthēs | adj | malignant | W7 | |
| ὅταν | conj | when, every time | LRC | |
| ὅτε | conj | when | LRC | |
| ὅτι | conj | that, because | LRC | |
| ὅτος | pron | someone | LRC | |
| σφεῖς | pron.refl | they | LRC | |
| σφέτερος | adj | own | LRC | |
| σφωε | pron | those two | LRC | |
| hōs | adv | so, thus | W7 | |
| ὥστε | adv/conj | like, so that | LRC | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | inkʿnin | pron.emph | he himself, he personally, the very one | LRC |
| iwr | pron.refl | himself, herself, itself | LRC | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | sva | adj | one's own, one's self | W7 |
| svāmin | n | lord, owner | W7 | |
| Hindi: | svāmī | n | swami | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| abl | = | ablative (case) |
| acc | = | accusative (case) |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| emph | = | emphatic |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| gen | = | genitive (case) |
| indef | = | indefinite |
| inten | = | intensive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| poss | = | possessive (case) |
| pron | = | pronoun |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| refl | = | reflexive |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
