Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. seku̯- 'to segue, follow'
Semantic Field(s): to Follow
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | secg | n.masc | man; hero, warrior | LRC |
| sele-secg | n.masc | retainer, lit. hall-hero | LRC | |
| Middle English: | as(s)ignen | vb | to assign | CDC/W7 |
| associaten | vb | to associate | AHD | |
| ensuen | vb | to ensue | W7 | |
| executen | vb | to execute | W7 | |
| obsequious | adj | obsequious | W7 | |
| prosecuten | vb | to prosecute | W7 | |
| pursuen | vb | to pursue | W7 | |
| resignen | vb | to resign | W7 | |
| scarlat | n | scarlet | W7 | |
| scarlet | n | scarlet | W7 | |
| second | num.ord | second (2nd) | W7 | |
| secte | n | sect | W7 | |
| secundine | n | secundines | W7 | |
| seel | n | seal | W7 | |
| sequence | n | sequence | W7 | |
| sequestren | vb | to sequester | W7 | |
| signe | n | sign | W7 | |
| signen | vb | to sign | W7 | |
| siute | n | suite, sequence, act of following | W7 | |
| subsequent | adj | subsequent | W7 | |
| suen | vb | to sue | W7 | |
| suitor | n | suitor | W7 | |
| English: | assign | vb.trans | to transfer (some property) to another | AHD/W7 |
| associate | vb | to join as friend/partner/companion | AHD/W7 | |
| consequent | adj | following as effect/result | AHD/W7 | |
| consign | vb | to entrust, transfer to another's care | AHD/W7 | |
| consociate | vb | to bring into association | AHD/W7 | |
| designate | adj | chosen (but not yet installed) for office | AHD/W7 | |
| dissociate | vb | to disconnect, separate from union/association with another | AHD/W7 | |
| ensue | vb.intrans | to take place afterward/as result | AHD/W7 | |
| execute | vb.trans | to perform, carry out, put into effect | AHD/W7 | |
| extrinsic | adj | extraneous, not belonging to/forming part of thing | AHD/W7 | |
| insignia | n | emblem, badge of honor/authority | AHD/W7 | |
| intrinsic | adj | part of essential nature/constitution of thing | AHD/W7 | |
| obsequious | adj | sycophantic, exhibiting servile complaisance/attentiveness | AHD/W7 | |
| persecute | vb.trans | to harass with intent to grieve/injure/afflict | AHD/W7 | |
| prosecute | vb | to follow to end | AHD/W7 | |
| pursue | vb | to follow with intent to overtake/defeat/capture/kill | AHD/W7 | |
| resign | vb | to give up deliberately | AHD/W7 | |
| scarlatina | n | scarlet fever | AHD/W7 | |
| scarlet | adj | re: bright red coloring | W7 | |
| scarlet | n | scarlet cloth/clothes | AHD/W7 | |
| seal | n | assurance, guarantee, something that confirms/ratifies/makes secure | AHD/W7 | |
| second | num.ord | 2nd, next after 1st | AHD/W7 | |
| secondo | n | second part | AHD/W7 | |
| sect | n | dissenting/schismatic religious body | AHD/W7 | |
| secund | adj | unilateral, having some part/element on one side only | AHD/W7 | |
| secundines | n.pl | afterbirth | AHD/W7 | |
| segno | n | notational sign | AHD/W7 | |
| segue | vb | to proceed to next part without pause | AHD/W7 | |
| seguidilla | n | lively Spanish dance | AHD/CDC | |
| sequacious | adj | tractable, subservient | AHD/W7 | |
| sequence | n | hymn of irregular meter between gradual and Gospel | AHD/W7 | |
| sequester | vb.trans | to segregate, set apart | AHD/W7 | |
| sequestrum | n | dead bone fragment detached from adjoining bone | AHD/W7 | |
| sigil | n | seal, signet | AHD/W7 | |
| sign | n | motion/gesture by which wish/thought/command is expressed/made known | AHD/W7 | |
| sign | vb | to place sign upon, represent/indicate via sign | AHD/W7 | |
| sociable | adj | social, inclined to companionship with others | AHD/W7 | |
| social | adj | involving allies/confederates | AHD/W7 | |
| society | n | company, companionship/association with fellows, friendly/intimate intercourse | AHD/W7 | |
| socio- | pfx | social/society | AHD/W7 | |
| subsequent | adj | succeeding, following in time/place/order | AHD/W7 | |
| sue | vb | to solicit, make petition to/for | AHD/W7 | |
| suit | n | suite | AHD/W7 | |
| suite | n | retinue | AHD/W7 | |
| suitor | n | pleader, one who petitions/entreats | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | gezicht | n | face | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | segg | n | man | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | seggr | n.masc | man; hero, warrior | LRC |
| Icelandic: | seggr | n | man | ASD |
| Danish: | ansigt | n | face | TLL |
| Swedish: | ansikte | n | face | TLL |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | assigno, assignāre | vb | to allow, assign | W7 |
| associatus | vb.ptc | joined by companionship | W7 | |
| associo, associāre | vb | to unite | W7 | |
| consequens | adj/vb.ptc | following, consequent | W7 | |
| consequor, consequi | vb.dep | to follow along | W7 | |
| consigno, consignare | vb | to seal, authenticate | W7 | |
| consociatus | vb.ptc | associated with | W7 | |
| consocio, consociare | vb | to associate with | W7 | |
| designatus | vb.ptc | designated | W7 | |
| designo, designāre | vb | to designate | W7 | |
| dissociatus | vb.ptc | divided, separated | W7 | |
| dissocio, dissociare | vb | to divide, separate | W7 | |
| extrinsecus | adj | from without | W7 | |
| insigne | n.neut | mark, badge | W7 | |
| insignia | n.neut.pl | insignia, flags | W7 | |
| insignis | adj | marked, distinguished | W7 | |
| intrinsecus | adv | internal, inwardly | W7 | |
| obsequiosus | adj | compliant | W7 | |
| obsequium | n.neut | compliance | W7 | |
| obsequor, obsequi | vb.dep | to comply | W7 | |
| persquor, persequi | vb.dep | to pursue | W7 | |
| prosecutus | vb.ptc | pursued | W7 | |
| prosequor, prosequi | vb.dep | to pursue | W7 | |
| resigno, resignare | vb | to unseal, cancel | W7 | |
| secta | n.fem | way of life, class of persons | W7 | |
| secundum | prep | following | LRC | |
| secundus, secunda, secundum | adj | second, following, favorable | LRC | |
| secutor | n.masc | follower | W7 | |
| secutus | vb.ptc | followed | W7 | |
| sequax, sequāc | adj | following, attending | W7 | |
| sequens, sequentis | vb.pres.ptc | following | W7 | |
| sequester | n.masc | agent, depositary, bailee | W7 | |
| sequestrum | n.neut | legal sequestration | W7 | |
| sequor, sequi | vb.dep | to follow | W7 | |
| sigillum | n.neut | seal | W7 | |
| signo, signare | vb | to sign, mark, seal | W7 | |
| signum | n.neut | sign, mark, seal, token, image | W7 | |
| sociābilis | adj | sociable | W7 | |
| sociālis | adj | social, conjugal, re: allies/partners | W7 | |
| societās, societātis | n.fem | alliance, companionship | W7 | |
| socio, sociare | vb | to join, unite, associate | W7 | |
| socius | n.masc | ally, companion, associate | W7 | |
| subsequens, subsequentis | adj/vb.ptc | following | W7 | |
| subsequor, subsequi | vb.dep | to follow closely | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | sequitus | vb.ptc | followed | W7 |
| sequor, sequi | vb.dep | to follow | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | extrinsecus | adj | extrinsic | W7 |
| persecutor | n.masc | persecutor | W7 | |
| persecutus | vb.ptc | persecuted | W7 | |
| persequor, persequi | vb.dep | to persecute | W7 | |
| secta | n.fem | organized ecclesiastical body | W7 | |
| secundinae | n.fem.pl | afterbirth | W7 | |
| sequentia | n.fem | sequel, act of following | W7 | |
| sequestro, sequestrāre | vb | to set apart, surrender for safekeeping | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | scarlata | adj | scarlet (in color) | W7 |
| scarlata | n.fem | scarlet cloth | W7 | |
| New Latin: | scarlatina | n.fem | scarlet fever | W7 |
| sequestrum | n.neut | legal sequestration | W7 | |
| Spanish: | escarlata | adj | scarlet | TLL |
| seguida | n.fem | sequence | AHD | |
| seguidilla | n.fem.dim | seguidilla | AHD | |
| seguir | vb | to segue, follow | AHD | |
| según | prep | according to | TLL | |
| Old French: | as(s)igner | vb | to assign | CDC |
| ensuivre | vb | to ensue | W7 | |
| escarlate | adj | red, scarlet | W7 | |
| poursuir | vb | to pursue | W7 | |
| second | adj | second | W7 | |
| seel | n.masc | seal | W7 | |
| signe | n.masc | sign | W7 | |
| siute | n.fem | suite, sequence, act of following | W7 | |
| suir | vb | to follow | W7 | |
| suivre | vb | to follow | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | pursuer | vb | to pursue | W7 |
| suitor | n.masc | follower | W7 | |
| Middle French: | conséquent | adj | following, appropriate | W7 |
| consigner | vb | to consign | W7 | |
| ensuivre | vb | to ensue | W7 | |
| executer | vb | to execute | W7 | |
| execution | n.fem | execution | W7 | |
| intrinsèque | adj | internal, intrinsic | W7 | |
| persécuter | vb | to persecute | W7 | |
| persécuteur | n.masc | persecutor | W7 | |
| résigner | vb | to resign (oneself) | W7 | |
| secte | n.fem | sect, group | W7 | |
| séquestrer | vb | to keep against one's will | W7 | |
| signer | vb | to mark, seal, sign | W7 | |
| societé | n.fem | society | W7 | |
| French: | assigner | vb | to assign, designate | W7 |
| écarlate | adj/n.fem | scarlet | TLL | |
| extrinsèque | adj | extrinsic | W7 | |
| selon | prep | according to | TLL | |
| socio- | pfx | socio- | W7 | |
| suite | n.fem | suite, series | W7 | |
| Italian: | secondo | adj | second | W7 |
| secondo | prep | according to | TLL | |
| segno | n.masc | sign | W7 | |
| seguire | vb | to follow | W7 | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | social | adj | social | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | hepesthai | vb | to follow | W7 |
| ἕπομαι | vb | to follow | LRC | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Persian: | saqalāt | n | (type of) rich cloth | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| dep | = | deponent |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| num | = | numeral |
| ord | = | ordinal |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| pres | = | present (tense) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
