Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. sel- 'to grab, seize, take'
Semantic Field(s): to Grasp, Seize, Take Hold of, to Take
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | sellaim | vb | to take | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | sǣl | n.neut | time, season, occasion; happiness | ASD |
| sǣlig | adj | silly, blessed, fortunate | W7 | |
| sala | n.masc | sale | ASD | |
| salu | n | sale | RPN | |
| sellan, sillan, sylian | vb.wk | to sell, give, lend, supply | ASD/RPN | |
| sel(l)en, sylen | n.fem | gift, grant | ASD/RPN | |
| Middle English: | consul | n | consul | W7 |
| hansell | n | handsel | W7 | |
| hilarite | n | hilarity, good spirits | AHD | |
| sale | n | sale | W7 | |
| sellen | vb | to sell | W7 | |
| sely, silly | adj | silly; happy, innocent | W7 | |
| solas | n | solace | W7 | |
| English: | console | vb.trans | to alleviate grief | AHD/W7 |
| consul | n | chief magistrate of republic | W7 | |
| consulate | n | office/jurisdiction of consul | W7 | |
| consult | vb | to confer with, solicit advice from | W7 | |
| consultant | n | expert, one who consults/gives advice | W7 | |
| counsel | n | advice | TLL | |
| counsel | vb | to advise | TLL | |
| counsellor | n | one who counsels | LRC | |
| exhilarate | vb.trans | to enliven, make cheerful | AHD/W7 | |
| handsel | n | gift as token of good luck/wishes | AHD/W7 | |
| hilarious | adj | re: hilarity | AHD | |
| hilarity | n | mirth, great merriment | AHD | |
| sale | n | act of selling | AHD/W7 | |
| sell, sold | vb | to betray, deliver/give up (violating trust/duty/loyalty) | AHD/W7 | |
| silly | adj | weak, helpless, defenseless, pitiable | AHD/OED | |
| solace | n | alleviation of grief/anxiety | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | sella | vb | to sell, give, pay | ASD |
| Dutch: | consulaat | n | consulate | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | sālig | adj | silly, blessed, fortunate | ASD |
| sellian | vb | to sell, give | ASD | |
| Old Low German: | sālig, sēlig | adj | silly, blessed, fortunate | ASD |
| Old High German: | sala | n.fem | sale, surrender, giving up/over | ASD |
| sālig | adj | silly, happy | W7 | |
| sellan | n.pl | traders | ASD | |
| sellen | vb | to sell, deliver, hand over | RPN | |
| German: | Konsulat | n | consulate | TLL |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | sala | n.fem | sale | ASD |
| Old Icelandic: | selja | vb | to sell, give up | RPN |
| Icelandic: | sæla | n | joy, bliss, happiness | ASD |
| Danish: | konsulat | n | consulate | TLL |
| Swedish: | konsulat | n | consulate | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | salja | vb | to offer sacrifice | RPN |
| saljan | vb | to sell, offer | ASD | |
| sēlei | n | goodness | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | consilium, consilii | n.neut | counsel | LRC |
| consul, consulis | n.masc | consul | LRC | |
| cōnsulō, cōnsulere | vb | to reflect, take counsel | LRC | |
| exhilaratus | vb.ptc | made cheerful | W7 | |
| exhilaro, exhilarare | vb | to make cheerful | W7 | |
| hilaro, hilarare | vb | to gladden | W7 | |
| hilarus | adj | glad, cheerful | W7 | |
| solacium | n.neut | act of consoling | W7 | |
| solor, solāri | vb.dep | to console | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | conselho | n | counsel | TLL |
| Spanish: | consejo | n | counsel | TLL |
| Old French: | solas | n.fem | solace | W7 |
| French: | conseil | n | counsel | TLL |
| consoler | vb | to console, comfort | W7 | |
| Italian: | consiglio | n | counsel | TLL |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἐλεῖν | vb | to take, seize | RPN |
| ἑλώριον | n.neut | spoils, booty | LRC | |
| ἱλᾰρός | adj | merry, joyous, cheerful, hilarious | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
