Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 4. sel- 'to jump, leap, spring, exult'
Semantic Field(s): to Jump, Leap, Joy
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | as(s)ailen | vb.trans | to assail | CDC/W7 |
| assaut, asaut(e) | n | assault | CDC/W7 | |
| resulten | vb | to result | W7 | |
| samon | n | salmon | W7 | |
| English: | assail | vb.trans | to attack violently with words/blows | AHD/W7 |
| assault | n | violent verbal/physical attack | AHD/W7 | |
| desultory | adj | lacking definite plan/purpose/regularity | AHD/W7 | |
| dissilient | adj | bursting open, flying asunder | AHD/CDC | |
| exult | vb.intrans | to leap for joy | AHD/W7 | |
| halter | n | club-shaped organ in dipterous insect | AHD/W7 | |
| insult | vb | to vaunt, behave with pride/arrogance | AHD/W7 | |
| resile | vb.intrans | to retract, recoil | AHD/W7 | |
| result | vb.intrans | to end, terminate, arise/proceed as effect/consequence/conclusion | AHD/W7 | |
| salacious | adj | lascivious, arousing sexual desire/imagination | AHD/W7 | |
| salient | adj | jumping, moving by leaps/springs | AHD/W7 | |
| sally | n | action of rushing/bursting forth | AHD/W7 | |
| sally | vb | to leap out, burst forth | W7 | |
| salmon | n | large soft-finned anadromous fish | AHD/W7 | |
| saute | n | sauteed dish | AHD/W7 | |
| somersault | n | leap/jump turning heels over head | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | zalm | n | salmon | TLL |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | adsilio, adsilire | vb.trans | to assail, leap upon | CDC |
| assilio, assilīre | vb | to assail, leap upon | W7 | |
| dēsilio, dēsilīre, dēsilui, dēsultum | vb | to dismount, leap down | W7 | |
| desultorius | adj | desultory | W7 | |
| exsulto, exsultāre | vb | to exult, leap up | W7 | |
| halter | n.masc | jumping weight | W7 | |
| insulto, insultāre | vb | to insult, spring upon | W7 | |
| resilio, resilire | vb | to resile | W7 | |
| resulto, resultāre | vb | to result, rebound, resound | W7 | |
| salax, salacis | adj | lustful, salacious, fond of leaping | W7 | |
| saliens, salientis | vb.pres.ptc | salient, leaping | W7 | |
| salio, salīre, salui, saltum | vb | to leap, jump, spring | W7 | |
| salmo, salmonis | n.masc | salmon | W7 | |
| salto, saltare | vb | to jump, dance | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | assalio, assalīre | vb | to assault, leap upon | W7 |
| assaltus | vb.ptc | assaulted | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | resilio, resilīre | vb | to resile, withdraw | W7 |
| Middle Latin: | adsalire, assalire | vb.trans | to assail | CDC |
| assaltus | n | assault, attack | CDC | |
| Portuguese: | assalto | n | assault | CDC |
| Spanish: | asalto | n | assault | CDC |
| Old French: | asaillir, asalir | vb.trans | to assail | CDC/W7 |
| assaut, as(s)alt | n.masc | assault | CDC/W7 | |
| saillie | n.fem | sally | W7 | |
| saillir | vb | to sally, rush forward | W7 | |
| Middle French: | insulter | vb | to insult | W7 |
| samon | n.masc | salmon | W7 | |
| sombresaut | n.masc | leap, somersault | W7 | |
| French: | assaut | n | assault | CDC |
| exulter | vb | to exult | W7 | |
| saut | n.masc | leap | W7 | |
| sauter | vb | to jump | W7 | |
| Old Occitan: | asalir, assalhir | vb.trans | to assail | CDC |
| assaut | n | assault | CDC | |
| Italian: | assalire | vb.trans | to assail | CDC |
| assalto | n | assault | CDC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ἅλλομαι | vb | to leap, spring | LRC |
| Greek: | haltēr | n.masc | jumping weight | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pres | = | present (tense) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |