Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. sem- 'one, some, together'
Semantic Field(s): One, to Join, Unite
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | -som | enc | that one | RPN |
English | ||||
Old English: | same | adv | also, similarly | RPN |
sim(b)el, symbel | adj/adv | continual, perpetual; ever, always | ASD | |
simle | adv | ever, always | LRC | |
-sum | sfx | -some | W7 | |
sum | indef.adj/pron | some | LRC | |
Middle English: | acolite | n | acolyte | W7 |
alsaume | adv | all together | MEV | |
as(s)emblen, as(s)emlen | vb | to assemble | CDC/W7 | |
assembly | n | assembly, joining of battle | MEV | |
assimilaten | vb | to assimilate | AHD | |
bisemen | vb | to beseem | AHD | |
omelie | n | homily | W7 | |
resemblen | vb | to resemble | W7 | |
sam(e), samen, somyn | adv | together | MEV | |
same | adj | same | W7 | |
semely | adj | seemly | W7 | |
semen | vb | to seem | W7 | |
simple | adj | simple | W7 | |
simplicite | n | simplicity | W7 | |
single | adj | single | W7 | |
-som | sfx | -some | W7 | |
som | indef.adj/pron | some | W7 | |
syn- | pfx | syn- | W7 | |
English: | acolyte | n | minister's assistant in liturgical service | AHD/W7 |
anacoluthon | n | syntactic incoherence/inconsistency within sentence | AHD/W7 | |
anomalous | adj | abnormal, deviating from general rule/method/analogy | AHD/W7 | |
assemble | vb | to convoke, collect in/as one place/group | AHD/W7 | |
assembly | n | set of persons gathered for purpose | W7 | |
assimilate | vb | to take in as nourishment, absorb into system | AHD/W7 | |
beseem | vb | to befit, be fitting/becoming/suitable | W7 | |
ensemble | n | group constituting a whole/producing single effect | AHD/W7 | |
haploid | adj | having half the number of chromosomes characteristic of somatic cells | AHD/W7 | |
hendecasyllabic | adj | re: (verses of) 11 syllables | AHD/W7 | |
heter(o)- | pfx | other, different | AHD | |
heterodox | adj | contrary to/different from acknowledged standard | AHD/W7 | |
heteroecious | adj | passing different life-cycle stages on alternate/unrelated hosts | AHD/W7 | |
heterogeneous | adj | mixed, consisting of dissimilar parts | AHD/W7 | |
heteronym | n | two/more words with same spelling but different meanings/pronunciations | AHD | |
heteronymous | adj | re: heteronym | AHD | |
homeo- | pfx | like, similar | AHD | |
homily | n | religious discourse before congregation | AHD/W7 | |
hom(o)- | pfx | same, like | AHD | |
homolographic | adj | preserving mutual relations of parts | AHD/W7 | |
homosexual | adj/n | (re:) individual attracted to same sex | TLL | |
hyphen | n | punctuation mark (-) | AHD/W7 | |
resemble | vb.trans | to be like/similar to | AHD/W7 | |
sambal | n | spicy condiment of Malaysia/Indonesia | AHD | |
same | adj | resembling in all relevant respects | AHD/W7 | |
samhita | n | collection of sacred/devotional Sanskrit hymns | AHD | |
samizdat | n | secret publication/distribution of Soviet-banned literature | AHD | |
Samkhya, Sankhya | prop.n | orthodox Hindu philosophy, lit. based on calculation | LRC | |
samsara | n | eternal cycle: birth, misery, death | AHD/W7 | |
seem | vb.intrans | to appear, give impression of being | AHD/W7 | |
seemly | adj | handsome, good-looking | AHD/W7 | |
semplice | adj | simple, unaffected | AHD/W7 | |
sempre | adv | always | AHD/W7 | |
Simbelmynë | prop.n | a.k.a. Evermind in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
similar | adj | marked by resemblance/correspondence | AHD/W7 | |
simple | adj | innocent, free from guile | AHD/W7 | |
simplex | adj | single, simple | AHD/W7 | |
simplicity | n | state of being simple/uncompounded | AHD/W7 | |
simultaneous | adj | coincident, existing/occurring at same time | AHD/W7 | |
single | adj | solitary, singular; unmarried | AHD/W7 | |
-some | adj.sfx | characterized by (specified) thing/state/action/quality | AHD/W7 | |
some | indef.adj/pron | re: one unknown/undetermined/unspecified unit/thing | AHD/W7 | |
soviet | n | elected governmental council in Communist country | AHD/W7 | |
sym-, syn- | pfx | (along/together) with | AHD/W7 | |
synalepha | n | blending of successive vowels into one syllable | AHD | |
syngeneic | adj | genetically identical, closely related, immunologically compatible | AHD | |
synonymous | adj | having same/similar meaning | AHD | |
synost(e)osis | n | union via bone, fusion of normally separate bones | AHD/CDC | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | sum | pron.indef | some | ASD |
Old Saxon: | sum | pron.indef | some | ASD |
Old High German: | -sam | sfx | -some | W7 |
sama | adj | same | W7 | |
samo | adj | same | RPN | |
sum | adj/pron.indef | some | ASD/W7 | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | sama | vb | to beseem | LRC |
saman | adv | together | LRC | |
samr | adj | same | LRC | |
samr | adj | same | W7 | |
soemiligr | adj | seemly, becoming | W7 | |
soemr | adj | seemly, becoming | W7 | |
sóma, sómad | vb | to beseem, become | LRC | |
sumr | adj | some | LRC | |
Icelandic: | sumr | pron.indef | some | ASD |
Danish: | som | conj | as | TLL |
Swedish: | som | conj | as | TLL |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | sama | adj | same | LRC |
sinteins | adj | daily | LRC | |
sums | pron.indef | some, one | LRC | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | adsimilare, assimilare | vb | to feign, imitate, simulate | CDC |
assimilare | vb | to assemble, bring together | CDC | |
assimulo, assimulare | vb | to feign, make similar | W7 | |
hendecasyllabus | n.masc | line of eleven syllables | W7 | |
insimul | adv | at same time | W7 | |
semper | adv | ever, always | W7 | |
sim- | pfx | one | W7 | |
similis | adj | like, similar | RPN | |
similo, similare | vb | to copy | W7 | |
simplex, simplicis | adj | single, simple, unmixed | W7 | |
simplicitas, simplicitatis | n.fem | simplicity | W7 | |
simplus | adj | plain, single | W7 | |
simul | adv | together, at same time | LRC | |
simulis | adj | like | W7 | |
simulo, simulare | vb | to feign, copy, represent | W7 | |
singulus | adj | only one | W7 | |
syn- | pfx | syn- | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | assimulo, assimulāre | vb | to compare, imitate | W7 |
Late Latin: | anacoluthon | adj | inconsistent in logic | W7 |
anomalus | adj | anomalous | AHD | |
homilia | n.fem | discourse, homily | W7 | |
Middle Latin: | assimulare | vb | to assemble, bring together | CDC |
Medieval Latin: | acoluthus | adj | that follows | W7 |
acolytus | n | acolyte | AHD | |
assimilatus | vb.ptc | assimilated | W7 | |
assimilo, assimilare | vb | to assimilate | W7 | |
simultaneus | adj | simultaneous, at same time | W7 | |
Old Spanish: | asemblar | vb | to assemble | CDC |
Old French: | acolite | n.masc | follower | W7 |
assemblee | n | assembly, joining of battle | MEV | |
as(s)embler, assambler | vb | to gather, assemble | CDC/W7 | |
resembler | vb | to resemble | W7 | |
sembler | vb | to seem, be like | W7 | |
simple | adj | plain, artless, uncomplicated | W7 | |
syn- | pfx | syn- | W7 | |
Middle French: | omelie | n.fem | discourse, homily | W7 |
resembler | vb | to resemble | W7 | |
simplicité | n.fem | simplicity | W7 | |
French: | ensemble | adv | together | W7 |
similaire | adj | similar | W7 | |
Old Occitan: | assemblar, asemlar | vb | to assemble | CDC |
Italian: | assemblare, assembrare | vb | to assemble | CDC |
semplice | adj | simple, unmixed | CID/W7 | |
sempre | adv | always, ever | CID/W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | sù | prep | with | LRC |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | samъ | adj | same | RPN |
samъ | pron | self, oneself | LRC | |
sъ | prep | with | LRC | |
sъvęzati, sъvęzajǫ, sъvęzaješi | vb | to tie, bind | LRC | |
Russian: | so | prep | with | W7 |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | gjith | adj | all, whole, entire | IEW |
gjithmonë | adv | always | LRC | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | akolouthos | adj | following | W7 |
ἅμα | adv | at the same time | LRC | |
hama | adv | together | W7 | |
hamē | adv | somehow | W7 | |
anakolouthon | adj | inconsistency in logic | W7 | |
anakolouthos | adj | inconsistent in logic | W7 | |
anōmalos | adj | uneven | W7 | |
haploeidēs | adj | single | W7 | |
haploos | adj | single | W7 | |
ἀφομοιο̑ω | vb | to make like | LRC | |
εἷς | nbr/adj | one | LRC | |
heis | nbr | one | W7 | |
hen | nbr.neut | one | W7 | |
hendeka | nbr | eleven | W7 | |
keleuthos | n.fem | path | W7 | |
homalos | adj | even | W7 | |
homilein | vb | to consort with, address | W7 | |
ὁμιλέω | vb | to consort with, busy oneself with | LRC | |
ὁμιλία | n.fem | being together | LRC | |
homilia | n.fem | conversation, discourse, reunion | W7 | |
homilos | n.masc | crowd, assembly | W7 | |
ὅμοιος | adj | like, similar | LRC | |
ὁμοίως | adv | similarly | LRC | |
ὁμός | adj | same | RPN | |
homos | adj | same | W7 | |
ὁμοῦ | adv | together | LRC | |
οὐδαμοῦ | adv | nowhere | LRC | |
οὐδαμῶς | adv | by no means | LRC | |
σύν | prep | with | LRC | |
syn | prep | (together) with | W7 | |
hyphen | adv | in a whole | W7 | |
Late Greek: | anakolouthon | adj | inconsistency in logic | W7 |
homilia | n.fem | homily | W7 | |
Medieval Greek: | akolouthos | adj | that follows | W7 |
Armenian | ||||
Classical Armenian: | amenayn | adj | all, every | LRC |
amenayn | n | everyone | LRC | |
hez | adj | meek | LRC | |
mi | adj | one | LRC | |
Iranian | ||||
Old Persian: | hama- | adj | same, equal | RPN |
Avestan: | hāma- | adj | like | RPN |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | saṁsāra | n | lit. flowing/passing through | W7 |
samá-ḥ | adj | same, equal | RPN | |
sám | adv | together | LRC | |
sāṁkhya | n | Samkhya: salvation by knowing matter vs. soul distinction | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
conj | = | conjunction |
enc | = | enclitic |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
indef | = | indefinite |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
nbr | = | number |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pfx | = | prefix |
prep | = | preposition |
pron | = | pronoun |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
sfx | = | suffix |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |