Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. sem- 'summer'
Semantic Field(s): Summer
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | sam | n | sun, summer | RPN |
samrad(h) | n | summer | CDC/RPN | |
Old Welsh: | ham | n | summer | RPN |
Welsh: | haf | n | summer | RPN |
English | ||||
Old English: | sumer, sumor, sumur | n.masc | summer | LRC |
Middle English: | somer, sumer | n | summer | CDC |
English: | summer | n | season between spring and fall | AHD/W7 |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | somer, sumur | n | summer | CDC/RPN |
Middle Dutch: | somer | n | summer | CDC |
Dutch: | zomer | n | summer | CDC |
Old Saxon: | sumar | n | summer | ASD |
Middle Low German: | somer | n | summer | CDC |
Low German: | sommer | n | summer | CDC |
Old High German: | sumar | n | summer | RPN |
Middle High German: | sumer | n | summer | CDC |
German: | Sommer | n.masc | summer | RPN |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | sumer | n.masc | summer | ASD/W7 |
Old Icelandic: | sumar | n.neut | summer | ASD/RPN |
Danish: | sommer | n | summer | CDC |
Swedish: | sommar | n | summer | CDC |
Armenian | ||||
Classical Armenian: | am | n | year | LRC |
Armenian: | amarn | n | summer | CDC |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | hama | n | summer | CDC |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | sámā | n | year, season, summer | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |