Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: seni-, senu-, seni-, sn̥-ter- 'for oneself; sundry, separate'
Semantic Field(s): Alone, Only, to Separate
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | gesundrian | vb.wk | to sunder | ASD/W7 |
| onsundran | adv | asunder | CDC | |
| syndrian | vb | to sunder | W7 | |
| syndrig | adj | sundry | W7 | |
| Middle English: | asunder, asundyr | adv | asunder | MEV |
| asundir, osunder, onsuder | adv | asunder | CDC | |
| sans | prep | sans | W7 | |
| saun | prep | sans | W7 | |
| sunderen | vb | to sunder | W7 | |
| sundry | adj | sundry | W7 | |
| English: | asunder | adj/adv | apart, into parts | LRC |
| sans | prep | without | AHD/W7 | |
| sinecure | n | ecclesiastical benefice without cure of souls | AHD/CDC | |
| sinsemilla | n | potent marijuana from unpollinated female plants | AHD | |
| sunder | vb.trans | to sever, divide, separate, break apart | AHD/W7 | |
| sundry | adj | separate, several, various, miscellaneous | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | zonder | prep | without | TLL |
| Old High German: | sunderig, suntarīg | adj | sundry | ASD/W7 |
| suntarōn | vb | to sunder | W7 | |
| German: | sondern | conj | but, on the contrary | TLL |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | sundr | adv | asunder | LRC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | sundrō | adv | asunder, alone | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | sine | prep | sans | IEW |
| Portuguese: | sem | prep | sans | TLL |
| Spanish: | sin | prep | sans | TLL |
| Middle French: | san(s) | adv/prep | sans | W7 |
| French: | sans | adv/prep | sans | W7 |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | sanu-tár | adv | aside | IEW |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| n | = | noun |
| prep | = | preposition |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
