Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: sengu̯h- 'to sing'
Semantic Field(s): to Sing
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Welsh: | de(h)ongli | vb | to explain | LRC |
English | ||||
Old English: | sang, song | n.masc | song, poetry | ASD |
singan, sang, sungon, sungen | vb.str.III | to sing, recite, compose | LRC | |
Middle English: | singen | vb | to sing | W7 |
song | n | song | W7 | |
English: | Meistersinger | prop.n | master of 14th-16th century German guild cultivating traditions of medieval Minnesingers | W7 |
minnesinger | n | German lyric poet/musician of 12th-14th centuries | AHD/W7 | |
sing, sang, sung | vb.str | to produce music via voice | AHD/W7 | |
singspiel | n | comic/dramatic German musical/dialogue work | AHD/W7 | |
song | n | act/art of singing | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | singa | vb | to sing | ASD |
song | n | song | ASD | |
Dutch: | zingen | vb | to sing | LRC |
Old Saxon: | sang | n | song | ASD |
singan | vb | to sing | LRC | |
Old High German: | sang | n | song | ASD |
singan | vb | to sing, recite | W7 | |
Middle High German: | meistersinger | n.masc | Meistersinger, lit. master-singer | W7 |
minnesinger | n.masc | minnesinger, courtly love singer | W7 | |
singer | n.masc | singer | W7 | |
German: | Meistersinger | n.masc | Meistersinger | W7 |
Minnesinger | n.masc | minnesinger | W7 | |
singen | vb | to sing | W7 | |
singspiel | n.neut | singspiel | W7 | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | syngja, syngva | vb | to sing | LRC |
Icelandic: | syngva | vb | to sing, ring, whistle | ASD |
söngr | n | song | ASD | |
Danish: | synge | vb | to sing | LRC |
Swedish: | sjunga | vb | to sing | LRC |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | saggws | n | song | ASD |
siggwan | vb.str.III | to sing | GED | |
Crimean Gothic: | singhen | vb | to sing | CGo |
Hellenic | ||||
Hesychius' Greek Lexicon: | ζίγγος | n | humming of bees | LRC |
Homeric Greek: | ὀμφή | n.fem | voice of a god/goddess | LRC |
Indic | ||||
Prakrit: | saṃghai | vb | to say, teach | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
III | = | class 3 |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prop | = | proper |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |