Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: sen(o)- 'old, senile, senior'
Semantic Field(s): Old
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | sen | adj | old | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | seignour | n | seignior | W7 |
| senat | n | senate | W7 | |
| senior | adj/n | senior | W7 | |
| signorie | n | signory | W7 | |
| sir | n | sire | W7 | |
| sire | n | sire, lord, prince, king | W7 | |
| sirly | adj | lordly, imperious | W7 | |
| English: | seignior | n | man of rank/authority, feudal lord of manor | AHD/W7 |
| seign(i)ory | n | lordship, dominion, power/authority of feudal lord | W7 | |
| senate | n | council/assembly with legislative/deliberative functions | AHD/W7 | |
| senectitude | n | final stage of normal life span | AHD/W7 | |
| senescent | adj | aging, growing old | AHD | |
| senile | adj | re: old age | AHD/W7 | |
| senior | adj | of prior birth/enrollment/establishment | AHD/W7 | |
| senior | n | person older than another | AHD/W7 | |
| senopia | n | near-vision improvement due to old-age cataract | AHD | |
| señor | n | Spanish(-speaking) man | AHD/W7 | |
| signory | n | seigniory | AHD/W7 | |
| sir | n | man of rank/position | AHD/W7 | |
| sire | n | father | AHD/W7 | |
| surly | adj | arrogant, imperious | AHD/W7 | |
| Scots English: | shanachie | n | skilled teller of (Gaelic) tales/legends | AHD |
| West Germanic | ||||
| German: | Senior | n.masc | senior | LRC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | sineigs | adj | old | RPN |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | senatus | n.masc | council of elders | W7 |
| senectus | n.fem | old age | W7 | |
| senex, senis | adj | old, aged | LRC | |
| senex, senis | n.masc | graybeard, old man, aged person | W7 | |
| senilis | adj | senile, of an old man | W7 | |
| senior | adj.comp | older, more aged | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | senectitudo | n.fem | old age | W7 |
| senior | adj.comp | lord, superior | W7 | |
| Spanish: | señor | n.masc | gentleman | W7 |
| señora | n.fem | lady, woman | LRC | |
| Old French: | sénat | n.masc | senate | W7 |
| sire | n.masc | sire, lord | W7 | |
| Middle French: | seigneur | n.masc | lord | W7 |
| seigneurie | n.fem | seigniory | W7 | |
| French: | monsieur | n.masc | mister, gentleman, lit. my sir | AHD |
| American French: | Monsieur | prop.n.masc | Mister, My Sir [title for gentleman] | AHD |
| Italian: | signora | n.fem | lady, woman | LRC |
| signore | n.masc | man, gentleman | AHD | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | sẽnas | adj | old | RPN |
| seniaĩ | adv | early, long ago | LRC | |
| sẽnis | n.masc | old man | LRC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | henos | adj | re: yesterday, year before, preceding period | W7 |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | sána-ḥ | adj | old, ancient | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| comp | = | comparative |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| prop | = | proper |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
