Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: sent- 'to send, go, choose direction; to sense'
Semantic Field(s): to Go, to Sense, Perceive; Sense
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | sēt | n | road, path | W7 |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | sendan, sende, sened | vb.wk.I | to send | LRC |
| sīð | n.masc | road, voyage, journey | LRC | |
| Middle English: | as(s)enten | vb | to assent | CDC/W7 |
| consenten | vb | to consent | W7 | |
| dissenten | vb | to dissent | W7 | |
| senden | vb | to send | W7 | |
| senten | vb | to scent | W7 | |
| sentence | n | sentence | W7 | |
| English: | assent | vb.intrans | to agree, concur | AHD/W7 |
| consent | vb.intrans | to accord in opinion/sentiment | AHD/W7 | |
| dissent | vb.intrans | to withhold assent | AHD/W7 | |
| godsend | n | needed thing, desirable event | AHD/W7 | |
| presentiment | n | premonition, feeling that something will/is about to happen | AHD/W7 | |
| resent | vb.trans | to feel/express/exhibit indignant displeasure at | AHD/W7 | |
| scent | vb | to smell, sense with olfactory organs | AHD/W7 | |
| send, sent | vb.wk | to cause to go | AHD/W7 | |
| sense | n | import, signification, meaning intended/conveyed | AHD/W7 | |
| sense | vb.trans | to perceive, be(come) aware of | W7 | |
| sentence | n | opinion | AHD/W7 | |
| sentient | adj | responsive to/conscious of sense impressions | AHD/W7 | |
| sentiment | n | predilection, thought/judgment/attitude prompted by feeling | AHD/W7 | |
| sentinel | n | sentry, one who guards/watches | AHD/W7 | |
| widdershins | adv | counterclockwise, in wrong/contrary/left-handed direction | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | senda | vb | to send | ASD |
| sinna | vb | to think, ponder | RPN | |
| Old Saxon: | sendian | vb | to send | ASD |
| sīð | n.masc | way, journey; time | ASD | |
| sīð-wōrig | adj | lit. travel-weary | ASD | |
| Middle Low German: | weddersinnes | adv | widdershins | W7 |
| Old High German: | sendan, sentan | vb | to send | ASD/W7 |
| sin | n | sense, mind | RPN | |
| sind | n.masc | way, path; place, office | ASD | |
| German: | Gesandte | n.masc | envoy, minister, ambassador | LRC |
| senden | vb | to send | LRC | |
| Sinn | n.masc | sense, mind, thought | RPN | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | senda, sendad | vb | to send | LRC |
| sinn | n.neut | time, occasion | LRC | |
| Danish: | sind(s) | n | time(s) | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | sandjan | vb | to send | ASD |
| sinþ(s) | n | time, occasion | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | adsentiō, adsentīre | vb | to assent | CDC/ELD |
| assentiō, assentīre | vb | to assent | W7 | |
| assentor, assentārī | vb.dep | to approve, give assent | W7 | |
| cōnsentiō, cōnsentīre | vb | to agree, consent | W7 | |
| dissentiō, dissentīre | vb | to disagree, dissent | W7 | |
| praesentiō, praesentīre | vb | to feel/perceive beforehand | W7 | |
| sēnsa, sēnsōrum | n.neut.pl | ideas, perceptions | LRC | |
| sensus, sensūs | n.masc | sense, feeling, perception | RPN | |
| sentens, sententis | vb.ptc | thinking, believing | W7 | |
| sententia, sententiae | n.fem | sentence: feeling, opinion, conversation | LRC | |
| sentiens, sentientis | adj/vb.ptc | feeling, sensing | W7 | |
| sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum | vb | to feel, think, sense | RPN | |
| Medieval Latin: | sentimentum | n.neut | sentiment, predilection | W7 |
| Old French: | as(s)enter | vb | to assent | CDC/W7 |
| ressentir | vb | to feel, resent, be emotionally sensitive to | W7 | |
| sentence | n.fem | sentence, decision of judge, punishment for crime | W7 | |
| sentir | vb | to sense, feel | W7 | |
| Middle French: | pressentiment | n.masc | presentiment | W7 |
| pressentir | vb | to have a presentiment | W7 | |
| sens | n.masc | sense, feeling, sensation, perception | W7 | |
| sentinelle | n.fem | guard | W7 | |
| sentir | vb | to sense, feel, smell | W7 | |
| French: | assentir | vb | to assent | CDC |
| pressentiment | n.masc | presentiment, premonition | W7 | |
| ressentir | vb | to be emotionally sensible | W7 | |
| sentiment | n.masc | sentiment | W7 | |
| Old Italian: | sentina | n.fem | vigilance | W7 |
| sentinella | n.fem | guard | W7 | |
| sentire | vb | to sense | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| ELD | = | Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |