Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: sent- 'to send, go, choose direction; to sense'
Semantic Field(s): to Go, to Sense, Perceive; Sense
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | sēt | n | road, path | W7 |
English | ||||
Old English: | sendan, sende, sened | vb.wk.I | to send | LRC |
sīð | n.masc | road, voyage, journey | LRC | |
Middle English: | as(s)enten | vb | to assent | CDC/W7 |
consenten | vb | to consent | W7 | |
dissenten | vb | to dissent | W7 | |
senden | vb | to send | W7 | |
senten | vb | to scent | W7 | |
sentence | n | sentence | W7 | |
English: | assent | vb.intrans | to agree, concur | AHD/W7 |
consent | vb.intrans | to accord in opinion/sentiment | AHD/W7 | |
dissent | vb.intrans | to withhold assent | AHD/W7 | |
godsend | n | needed thing, desirable event | AHD/W7 | |
presentiment | n | premonition, feeling that something will/is about to happen | AHD/W7 | |
resent | vb.trans | to feel/express/exhibit indignant displeasure at | AHD/W7 | |
scent | vb | to smell, sense with olfactory organs | AHD/W7 | |
send, sent | vb.wk | to cause to go | AHD/W7 | |
sense | n | import, signification, meaning intended/conveyed | AHD/W7 | |
sense | vb.trans | to perceive, be(come) aware of | W7 | |
sentence | n | opinion | AHD/W7 | |
sentient | adj | responsive to/conscious of sense impressions | AHD/W7 | |
sentiment | n | predilection, thought/judgment/attitude prompted by feeling | AHD/W7 | |
sentinel | n | sentry, one who guards/watches | AHD/W7 | |
widdershins | adv | counterclockwise, in wrong/contrary/left-handed direction | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | senda | vb | to send | ASD |
sinna | vb | to think, ponder | RPN | |
Old Saxon: | sendian | vb | to send | ASD |
sīð | n.masc | way, journey; time | ASD | |
sīð-wōrig | adj | lit. travel-weary | ASD | |
Middle Low German: | weddersinnes | adv | widdershins | W7 |
Old High German: | sendan, sentan | vb | to send | ASD/W7 |
sin | n | sense, mind | RPN | |
sind | n.masc | way, path; place, office | ASD | |
German: | Gesandte | n.masc | envoy, minister, ambassador | LRC |
senden | vb | to send | LRC | |
Sinn | n.masc | sense, mind, thought | RPN | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | senda, sendad | vb | to send | LRC |
sinn | n.neut | time, occasion | LRC | |
Danish: | sind(s) | n | time(s) | ASD |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | sandjan | vb | to send | ASD |
sinþ(s) | n | time, occasion | ASD | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | adsentiō, adsentīre | vb | to assent | CDC/ELD |
assentiō, assentīre | vb | to assent | W7 | |
assentor, assentārī | vb.dep | to approve, give assent | W7 | |
cōnsentiō, cōnsentīre | vb | to agree, consent | W7 | |
dissentiō, dissentīre | vb | to disagree, dissent | W7 | |
praesentiō, praesentīre | vb | to feel/perceive beforehand | W7 | |
sēnsa, sēnsōrum | n.neut.pl | ideas, perceptions | LRC | |
sensus, sensūs | n.masc | sense, feeling, perception | RPN | |
sentens, sententis | vb.ptc | thinking, believing | W7 | |
sententia, sententiae | n.fem | sentence: feeling, opinion, conversation | LRC | |
sentiens, sentientis | adj/vb.ptc | feeling, sensing | W7 | |
sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum | vb | to feel, think, sense | RPN | |
Medieval Latin: | sentimentum | n.neut | sentiment, predilection | W7 |
Old French: | as(s)enter | vb | to assent | CDC/W7 |
ressentir | vb | to feel, resent, be emotionally sensitive to | W7 | |
sentence | n.fem | sentence, decision of judge, punishment for crime | W7 | |
sentir | vb | to sense, feel | W7 | |
Middle French: | pressentiment | n.masc | presentiment | W7 |
pressentir | vb | to have a presentiment | W7 | |
sens | n.masc | sense, feeling, sensation, perception | W7 | |
sentinelle | n.fem | guard | W7 | |
sentir | vb | to sense, feel, smell | W7 | |
French: | assentir | vb | to assent | CDC |
pressentiment | n.masc | presentiment, premonition | W7 | |
ressentir | vb | to be emotionally sensible | W7 | |
sentiment | n.masc | sentiment | W7 | |
Old Italian: | sentina | n.fem | vigilance | W7 |
sentinella | n.fem | guard | W7 | |
sentire | vb | to sense | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
I | = | class 1 |
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
dep | = | deponent |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pl | = | plural (number) |
ptc | = | participle |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
ELD | = | Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |