Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 4. seu-, seu-t- 'to seethe, boil'
Semantic Field(s): to Boil (intrans
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | besūtian | vb | to dirty | W7 |
| sēoðan | vb.str | to seethe | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | sethen | vb | to seethe | W7 |
| soden | vb | to sodden | W7 | |
| English: | seethe | vb | to boil, stew | AHD/W7 |
| sodden | adj/vb.ptc | boiled, stewed | AHD/W7 | |
| suds | n.pl | frothy soapy water | AHD/W7 | |
| sutler | n | army post provisioner | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | siatha | vb | to seethe | ASD |
| Middle Dutch: | sudse | n | marsh | W7 |
| Dutch: | soeteler | n | sutler | W7 |
| Low German: | suteler | n | sloppy worker, camp cook | W7 |
| Old High German: | siodan | vb | to seethe | W7 |
| German: | sieden | vb | to seethe | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | sjōða | vb | to seethe | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | sauths | n | burnt-offering | ASD |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | siausti | vb | to rage | LD/W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| n | = | noun |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LD | = | Bronius Piesarskas and Bronius Svecevicius: Lithuanian Dictionary (1994) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
