Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: sk̑āi-, sk̑əi- : sk̑ī- 'to shine/shimmer dully; shadow'
Semantic Field(s): to Shine, Glisten, Shade, Shadow
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | Hāmtūn-scīr | prop.n.fem | Hampshire | LRC |
scim(e)rian | vb | to shimmer | ASD/W7 | |
scīnan, scān, scēan, scinon, scīnen | vb.str | to shine | ASD/W7 | |
scīr | n.fem | shire, office, district | LRC | |
scīr-gerēfa | n.masc | sheriff, lit. shire-reeve | ASD | |
Middle English: | schimeren | vb | to shimmer | W7 |
shinen | vb | to shine | W7 | |
shire | n | shire | W7 | |
shirreve | n | sheriff | W7 | |
stanselen | vb | to ornament with shining colors | W7 | |
English: | gegenschein | n | faint light on celestial sphere opposite sun | AHD/W7 |
moonshine | n | moonlight | W7 | |
sciaenoid | adj | re: fishes including drums/croakers | AHD | |
scintilla | n | trace, iota, minute amount | AHD | |
scintillate | vb | to spark, emit sparks | AHD/W7 | |
sciurid | adj | re: rodents including squirrels/related mammals | AHD | |
sheriff | n | judicial official of shire/county | W7 | |
shimmer | vb | to glimmer, shine with fitful/tremulous light | AHD/W7 | |
shine, shone | vb.str | to emit light | AHD/W7 | |
Shire | prop.n | hobbit land in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
shire | n | county, administrative subdivision | W7 | |
Shire-moot | prop.n | Shire meeting in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Shirriff | prop.n | sheriff in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
skiagram | n | picture/photograph of shadows/outlines | AHD | |
skiascope, sciascope | n | ophthalmoscopic mirror employed in shadow-test | AHD/CDC | |
stencil | n | perforated material through which ink/paint is imprinted on surface | AHD/W7 | |
tinsel | n | thread/strip/sheet of metal with sparkling/glittering appearance | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | skīna | vb | to shine | ASD |
Dutch: | schemeren | vb | to shimmer | ASD |
schijnen | vb | to shine | LRC | |
Old Saxon: | skīnan | vb | to shine | ASD |
Old High German: | scīra | n | care, business, management | W7 |
skīnan, scīnan | vb | to shine | ASD/W7 | |
German: | Gegenschein | n.masc | gegenschein | W7 |
Schein | n.masc | shine | W7 | |
scheinen | vb | to shine | LRC | |
schimmern | vb | to shimmer | ASD | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | skína | vb | to shine, gleam | LRC |
Icelandic: | skína | vb | to shine | ASD |
Danish: | skinne | vb | to shine | LRC |
Swedish: | skimma, skimra | vb | to shimmer | ASD/TLL |
skin(n)a | vb | to shine | TLL | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | skeinan | vb | to shine | ASD |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | scintilla | n.fem | spark | W7 |
scintillatus | vb.ptc | that sparkles | W7 | |
scintillo, scintillāre | vb | to sparkle | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | stincilla | n.fem | spark | W7 |
Middle French: | estancele | n.fem | spark | W7 |
estanceler | vb | to sparkle | W7 | |
estincelle | n.fem | spark, glitter | W7 | |
étincelle | n.fem | spark, glitter, spangle | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Latvian: | seja | n.fem | face | LRC |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | sijati, sijajǫ, sijaješi | vb | to shine, make shine | LRC |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | σκηνή | n.fem | tent | LRC |
skia | n.fem | shadow | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |