Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: sk̑āi-, sk̑əi- : sk̑ī- 'to shine/shimmer dully; shadow'
Semantic Field(s): to Shine, Glisten, Shade, Shadow
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | Hāmtūn-scīr | prop.n.fem | Hampshire | LRC |
| scim(e)rian | vb | to shimmer | ASD/W7 | |
| scīnan, scān, scēan, scinon, scīnen | vb.str | to shine | ASD/W7 | |
| scīr | n.fem | shire, office, district | LRC | |
| scīr-gerēfa | n.masc | sheriff, lit. shire-reeve | ASD | |
| Middle English: | schimeren | vb | to shimmer | W7 |
| shinen | vb | to shine | W7 | |
| shire | n | shire | W7 | |
| shirreve | n | sheriff | W7 | |
| stanselen | vb | to ornament with shining colors | W7 | |
| English: | gegenschein | n | faint light on celestial sphere opposite sun | AHD/W7 |
| moonshine | n | moonlight | W7 | |
| sciaenoid | adj | re: fishes including drums/croakers | AHD | |
| scintilla | n | trace, iota, minute amount | AHD | |
| scintillate | vb | to spark, emit sparks | AHD/W7 | |
| sciurid | adj | re: rodents including squirrels/related mammals | AHD | |
| sheriff | n | judicial official of shire/county | W7 | |
| shimmer | vb | to glimmer, shine with fitful/tremulous light | AHD/W7 | |
| shine, shone | vb.str | to emit light | AHD/W7 | |
| Shire | prop.n | hobbit land in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| shire | n | county, administrative subdivision | W7 | |
| Shire-moot | prop.n | Shire meeting in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Shirriff | prop.n | sheriff in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| skiagram | n | picture/photograph of shadows/outlines | AHD | |
| skiascope, sciascope | n | ophthalmoscopic mirror employed in shadow-test | AHD/CDC | |
| stencil | n | perforated material through which ink/paint is imprinted on surface | AHD/W7 | |
| tinsel | n | thread/strip/sheet of metal with sparkling/glittering appearance | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | skīna | vb | to shine | ASD |
| Dutch: | schemeren | vb | to shimmer | ASD |
| schijnen | vb | to shine | LRC | |
| Old Saxon: | skīnan | vb | to shine | ASD |
| Old High German: | scīra | n | care, business, management | W7 |
| skīnan, scīnan | vb | to shine | ASD/W7 | |
| German: | Gegenschein | n.masc | gegenschein | W7 |
| Schein | n.masc | shine | W7 | |
| scheinen | vb | to shine | LRC | |
| schimmern | vb | to shimmer | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | skína | vb | to shine, gleam | LRC |
| Icelandic: | skína | vb | to shine | ASD |
| Danish: | skinne | vb | to shine | LRC |
| Swedish: | skimma, skimra | vb | to shimmer | ASD/TLL |
| skin(n)a | vb | to shine | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | skeinan | vb | to shine | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | scintilla | n.fem | spark | W7 |
| scintillatus | vb.ptc | that sparkles | W7 | |
| scintillo, scintillāre | vb | to sparkle | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | stincilla | n.fem | spark | W7 |
| Middle French: | estancele | n.fem | spark | W7 |
| estanceler | vb | to sparkle | W7 | |
| estincelle | n.fem | spark, glitter | W7 | |
| étincelle | n.fem | spark, glitter, spangle | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Latvian: | seja | n.fem | face | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | sijati, sijajǫ, sijaješi | vb | to shine, make shine | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | σκηνή | n.fem | tent | LRC |
| skia | n.fem | shadow | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |