Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: (s)kamb-, and (s)kemb- 'to bend, curve, hump'
Semantic Field(s): to Bend
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | camm | adj | crooked | W7 |
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | changen | vb | to change | W7 |
| entrechaungen | vb | to interchange | W7 | |
| exchaunge | n | exchange | W7 | |
| English: | cambium | n | thin formative layer between.xylem/phloem of vascular plants | AHD/W7 |
| change | n | difference, alteration, transformation, modification | W7 | |
| change | vb | to modify, make different | AHD/W7 | |
| exchange | n | trade, giving/taking one thing for another | AHD/W7 | |
| exchange | vb | to swap, trade, barter, give and take | W7 | |
| hump | n | bump, rounded protuberance | AHD/W7 | |
| hump | vb | to hunch, assume bent/crooked posture | W7 | |
| interchange | vb | to put each in place of another | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle Low German: | hump | n | hump | W7 |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | cambio, cambiāre | vb | to exchange | W7 |
| incumbo, incumbere | vb | to lie down | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | excambio, excambiāre | vb | to exchange | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | cambium | n.neut | exchange | W7 |
| New Latin: | cambium | n.neut | part of vascular plant producing new cells | W7 |
| Spanish: | cambio | n.masc | change, exchange | TLL |
| Old French: | changier | vb | to change, exchange | W7 |
| entrechangier | vb | to exchange, interchange | W7 | |
| Middle French: | eschange | n.masc | exchange | W7 |
| eschangier | vb | to exchange | W7 | |
| French: | change | n | change | TLL |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | kymbē | n.fem | bowl | W7 |
| skambos | adj | crooked | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
