Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 4. (s)kel-, extended klā-, klō- 'to bend; crooked'
Semantic Field(s): to Bend, Crooked
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | cocatrice | n | cockatrice | W7 |
| English: | Chaucer | prop.n | Geoffrey Chaucer: 14th century English poet | LRC |
| cockatrice | n | 2-legged dragon with rooster's head | LRC | |
| colon | n | rhythmical speech unit: 2-6 feet | AHD/W7 | |
| cylinder | n | round tube | AHD/W7 | |
| inculcate | vb | to teach/impress by frequent repetition/admonition | W7 | |
| isosceles | adj | having two equal legs/sides | AHD | |
| schiller | n | lustrous colored reflection in mineral grain | AHD | |
| scolex | n | (head of) tapeworm | AHD/W7 | |
| scoliosis | n | lateral curvature of spine | AHD/W7 | |
| triskelion | n | figure comprising 3 bent/curved branches radiating from center | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | kous | n | hose, stocking | TLL |
| German: | Schiller | n.masc | schiller, iridescence | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | skjálfa | vb | to shake, tremble | LRC |
| Swedish: | kalsonger | n.pl | panties | SAO/TLL |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | calcar, calcāris | n.neut | spur, stimulus, incitement | CLD/IEW |
| calceus | n | shoe | IEW | |
| calcō, calcāre | vb | to tread upon | IEW | |
| calx, calcis | n.fem | heel | CLD/IEW | |
| cōlon | n | colon: part of poem/verse | AHD/W7 | |
| cylindrus | n.masc | roll, cylinder | W7 | |
| inculcō, inculcāre | vb | to inculcate, mix/tread in, force upon | LRC | |
| New Latin: | scolex, scolicis | n.masc | worm, scolex | W7 |
| scoliosis | n.fem | scoliosis, crookedness of body part | W7 | |
| triskelion | n.neut | figure comprising 3 bent branches | W7 | |
| Spanish: | calcar | vb | to trace lines | LRC |
| calcetín | n | sock | LRC | |
| Old French: | cocatris | n | cockatrice | LRC |
| Anglo-French: | chauce | n | heel; hose, shoe, footwear | LRC |
| chaucer | n | cobbler, shoemaker | LRC | |
| chaucer | vb | to put on shoes | LRC | |
| chaucher | vb | to tread, trample | LRC | |
| chauçure | n | shoe, footwear | LRC | |
| Middle French: | cylindre | n.masc | roll, cylinder | W7 |
| French: | chausser | vb | to put on shoes | LRC |
| chaussure | n | shoe | LRC | |
| Italian: | calciare | vb | to kick | LRC |
| calciatore | n | soccer player | LRC | |
| calzatura | n | footwear | LRC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | κυλίνδω | vb | to roll | LRC |
| σκέλος | n.neut | leg, upper thigh | LRC | |
| σκολιός | adj | crooked, perverse | LRC | |
| σκώληξ | n.masc | worm, scolex | LRC | |
| Greek: | kylindros | n.masc | cylinder | W7 |
| κῶλον | n.neut | leg, limb; part, member; clause, colon | LS | |
| skoliōsis | n.fem | scoliosis, crookedness of body part | W7 | |
| triskelēs | adj | three-legged | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| SAO | = | Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
