Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. (s)kel- 'to parch, dessicate, dry out'
Semantic Field(s): Dry, Arid
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | sceald | adj | shoal | IEW |
| Middle English: | schalowe | adj | shallow | IEW |
| sclirosis | n | sclerosis | W7 | |
| shold | adj | shoal | W7 | |
| English: | sclera | n | opaque white part of eyeball enclosure | AHD/W7 |
| scler(o)- | pfx | hard(ness) | AHD | |
| scleroma | n | abnormally hard body tissue | AHD | |
| sclerosis | n | pathological tissue hardening | AHD/W7 | |
| sclerotic | n | sclera | AHD/W7 | |
| sclerotium | n | hardened mycelium storing reserve food material | AHD/W7 | |
| sclerotization | n | arthropod cuticle hardening other than by chitin | AHD | |
| sclerous | adj | hard, indurated | AHD/W7 | |
| shallow | adj | not deep, having little depth | IEW/W7 | |
| shoal | adj | shallow | W7 | |
| shoal | n | shallow water | W7 | |
| skeleton | n | rigid supportive/protective structure/framework of organism | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Low German: | scholl | n | shoal | IEW |
| Italic | ||||
| Medieval Latin: | sclerosis | n.fem | sclerosis | W7 |
| New Latin: | sclera | n.fem | opaque coat enclosing eyeball | W7 |
| sclerotium | n.neut | mass of hardened mycelium | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Latvian: | kaltēt, kaltēju, kaltēju | vb | to dry | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | σκέλλω | vb | to parch, dry up | LRC |
| Greek: | skeletos | adj | dried up | W7 |
| sklēros | adj | hard | W7 | |
| sklēroun | vb | to harden | W7 | |
| sklērōsis | n.fem | hardening | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
