Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. (s)ker- 'to bend, curve, turn'
Semantic Field(s): to Bend, to Turn
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Middle Irish: | cruind | adj | round | IED/W7 |
| Welsh: | crwn | adj | round | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | crisp | adj | crisp | W7 |
| hrēac | n.masc | rick, heap | ASD/IEW | |
| hrin(c)g | n.masc | ring, circle, circuit | ASD/W7 | |
| hrisian | vb.wk | to shake, tremble | ASD/W7 | |
| hrung | n.fem | rung | IEW | |
| hrycg | n | ridge, back | W7 | |
| scrincan | vb | to shrink | W7 | |
| Middle English: | ara(y)ngen, arengen | vb | to arrange | CDC/W7 |
| cerchen | vb | to search | W7 | |
| cercle | n | circle | W7 | |
| coroune | n | crown | W7 | |
| corounen | vb | to crown | W7 | |
| creste | n | crest | W7 | |
| crisp | adj | crisp | W7 | |
| crowne | n | crown | W7 | |
| frouncen | vb | to curl | W7 | |
| range | n | range | W7 | |
| rangen | vb | to range | W7 | |
| reek | n | rick | W7 | |
| rigge | n | ridge | W7 | |
| ring | n | ring | W7 | |
| ruke | n | pile of combustible material | W7 | |
| rung | n | rung | W7 | |
| shrinken | vb | to shrink | W7 | |
| English: | arrange | vb | to dispose, put in proper order | AHD/W7 |
| circa | prep | approximately at/in/of | AHD/W7 | |
| circadian | adj | re: circa 1-day periodicity | AHD | |
| circinate | adj | rounded, coiled | AHD/W7 | |
| circle | n | ring, halo | AHD/W7 | |
| circum- | pfx | around, about | AHD/W7 | |
| circus | n | arena enclosed by banks of seats | AHD/W7 | |
| cirque | n | circus | AHD/W7 | |
| corona | n | projecting part of classic cornice | AHD/W7 | |
| corvette | n | small, highly maneuverable warship | W7 | |
| crepe | n | light crinkled woven fabric | AHD/W7 | |
| crest | n | showy tuft/process on bird/animal head | AHD/W7 | |
| cricoid | adj | re: cartilage of larynx with which arytenoid cartilages articulate | AHD/W7 | |
| crisp | adj | wavy, curly | AHD/W7 | |
| crispate | adj | crisp, curled, ruffled | AHD | |
| crissum, crissa | n | feathers/area under bird's tail | AHD | |
| crista | n | crest, ridge | AHD | |
| cristate | adj | re: crista | AHD | |
| crown | n | mark of honor, reward of victory | AHD/W7 | |
| crown | vb.trans | to place crown/wreath upon head | AHD/W7 | |
| curb | n | chain/strap on bit used to restrain horse | AHD/W7 | |
| curvature | n | act of curving, state of being curved | AHD | |
| curve | adj.arch | curved: bent, turned, twisted | AHD/W7 | |
| curve | n | bend, something curved | W7 | |
| curve | vb | to turn/change/deviate from straight without sharp break/angularity | AHD/W7 | |
| curvet | n | prancing leap of horse | AHD/W7 | |
| derange | vb.trans | to disarrange | AHD/W7 | |
| flounce | n | frounce | AHD/W7 | |
| frounce | n | fabric strip attached by one edge | AHD/W7 | |
| koruna | n | crown (Czech monetary unit) | AHD/W7 | |
| krona | n | crown (Swedish/Icelandic monetary unit) | AHD/W7 | |
| krone | n | crown (Danish/Austrian monetary unit) | AHD/W7 | |
| kurtosis | n | flatness/peakedness of graphic representation of frequency distribution | AHD/W7 | |
| ranch | n | land for raising horses/cattle/sheep | AHD/W7 | |
| range | n | row, series of things in line | AHD/W7 | |
| range | vb | to set in row/proper order | AHD/W7 | |
| rank | n | row, series | AHD/W7 | |
| recherche | adj | rare, choice, exotic, exquisite | AHD/W7 | |
| rick | n | stack (e.g. hay) in open air | IEW/W7 | |
| ridge | n | elevated body part (e.g. along backbone) | AHD/W7 | |
| ring | n | circular band for holding/connecting | AHD/W7 | |
| ringhals | n | spitting cobra | AHD | |
| Ringwraith | prop.n | a.k.a. Nazgûl in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| rink | n | smooth extent of ice | AHD/W7 | |
| ruck | n | jumble, indistinguishable collection | AHD/W7 | |
| rucksack | n | knapsack: supply bag strapped on back | AHD/W7 | |
| rung | n | rail, spoke, cross-bar | IEW/OED | |
| search | vb | to seek carefully/thoroughly | AHD/W7 | |
| shrink | vb | to cower, huddle, contract/curl up body | AHD/W7 | |
| Scots English: | rinc | n | area where contest is held | W7 |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle Dutch: | schrinken | vb | to draw back | W7 |
| Dutch: | rug | n | ridge, back | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | hrisian | vb | to shake, tremble | ASD |
| Old High German: | hring | n | ring | W7 |
| hrukki | n | ridge, back | W7 | |
| skank | n | frame; cupboard | KDW | |
| skrank | n | deceit | KDW | |
| German: | Kehre | n.fem | turning, winding, reversal | LRC |
| kehren | vb | to curve, sweep | LRC | |
| Krone | n.fem | crown, coronet; Austrian monetary unit | W7 | |
| Kurve | n | curve | TLL | |
| Ring | n.masc | ring | ASD | |
| Rücken | n.masc | ridge, back | LRC | |
| Schrank | n | cupboard | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | hraukr | n | rick | W7 |
| hríð | n.fem | while, time; storm, attack | LRC | |
| hrúga | n.fem | heap | LRC | |
| hrøkkva | vb | to fall back | LRC | |
| Icelandic: | hringr | n | ring, circle | ASD |
| hrista | vb | to shake | ASD | |
| krōna | n | crown (Icelandic monetary unit) | IEO/W7 | |
| Danish: | krone | n | crown (Danish monetary unit) | W7 |
| ryg | n | ridge, back | TLL | |
| Swedish: | krona | n | crown (Swedish monetary unit) | SEO/W7 |
| kurva | n | curve | TLL | |
| rygg | n | ridge, back | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | hrisian | vb | to shake, tremble | ASD |
| Crimean Gothic: | rinck, ringo | n | ring | CGo |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | circa | adv | around | W7 |
| circinatus | vb.ptc | surrounding | W7 | |
| circino, circināre | vb | to round | W7 | |
| circinus | n.masc | pair of compasses | W7 | |
| circulus | n.masc | circle | W7 | |
| circum | adv/prep | around | LRC | |
| circus | n.masc | circle, circus, round building | W7 | |
| corona | n.fem | crown, wreath | W7 | |
| corono, coronare | vb | to crown | W7 | |
| crīsō, crīsāre | vb | to move haunches | AHD/ELD | |
| crīspō, crīspāre | vb | to swing, brandish | AHD/ELD | |
| crīspus | adj | crisp | W7 | |
| crista | n.fem | tuft, comb, crista | ELD/W7 | |
| crux, crucis | n.fem | cross | W7 | |
| curvo, curvare | vb | to curve | W7 | |
| curvus | adj | bent, arched, curved | RPN | |
| Late Latin: | circo, circāre | vb | to go about | W7 |
| New Latin: | cricoides | n.masc | cartilage in larynx | W7 |
| Old Spanish: | ranchear | vb | to take up quarters | W7 |
| Spanish: | cerca | adv | around | TLL |
| rancho | n.masc | camp, hut | W7 | |
| Mexican Spanish: | rancho | n.masc | small ranch | W7 |
| Old French: | arangier, arengier | vb | to arrange | CDC/W7 |
| cercle | n.masc | circle | W7 | |
| circum- | pfx | around | W7 | |
| corone | n.fem | crown | W7 | |
| coroner | vb | to crown | W7 | |
| desrengier | vb | to derange | W7 | |
| renc, reng | n.masc | rank, line, place, row | W7 | |
| renge | n.fem | range | W7 | |
| rengier | vb | to place, set in row | W7 | |
| Middle French: | arangier | vb | to arrange | W7 |
| cerchier | vb | to go about, survey, search | W7 | |
| courbe | n.fem | curve, curved piece of wood/iron | W7 | |
| courber | vb | to curve | W7 | |
| courbette | n.fem | curtsy | W7 | |
| creste | n.fem | curved land | W7 | |
| ranger | vb | to place, set in row | W7 | |
| renc | n.masc | row, rank | W7 | |
| French: | arranger | vb | to arrange, put into rank | CDC |
| cirque | n.masc | circus | W7 | |
| crêpe | n.fem | crepe, pancake | W7 | |
| déranger | vb | to derange, bother | W7 | |
| recherché | adj | recherche | W7 | |
| Italian: | corvetta | n.fem | corvette | CID/W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | kraipaũ, kraipýti | vb | to turn about | RPN |
| kreĩvas | adj | curved, crooked; wry | RPN | |
| krypstù, krỹpti | vb | to bow, bend | RPN | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | krilo | n.neut | wing; pinnacle | LRC |
| Russian: | krivít’ | vb | to bend, distort | RPN |
| krivój | adj | curved, crooked | RPN | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | κίρκος | n.masc | hawk/falcon that circles | LRC |
| κορώνη | n.fem | sea-crow, cormorant | LS | |
| κορωνίς | adj | bent, curved | LRC | |
| κρίκος | n.masc | ring, necklace, bracelet | LRC | |
| κυρτός | adj | curved, rounded | LRC | |
| Greek: | kirkos | n.masc | ring | W7 |
| κορωνός | adj | curved, crooked | RPN | |
| krikoeidēs | adj | ring-shaped | W7 | |
| kyrtos | adj | convex | W7 | |
| kyrtōsis | n.fem | convexity | W7 | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | skarəna- | adj | round | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| arch | = | archaic |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prep | = | preposition |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
| ELD | = | Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999) |
| IED | = | Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927) |
| IEO | = | Arngrimur Sigurdsson: Íslenzk-Ensk Orðabók (1970) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| SEO | = | Norstedts Stora Svensk-Engelska Ordbok, 3rd ed. (2000) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
