Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 4. (s)ker-, (s)kerə-, (s)krē- 'to cut, shear, score, scribe'
Semantic Field(s): to Cut
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | coirt | n | skin; bark | RPN |
| crīathar | n | sieve | GED | |
| scaraim | vb | to separate | GED | |
| Welsh: | cruitr | n | sieve | GED |
| cwr | n | skin | RPN | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ā-scierian | vb | to cut off, separate | GED |
| curt | adj | short | W7 | |
| cyrtel, kyrtel | n.masc | kirtle | ASD/W7 | |
| hærfest | n.masc | harvest; autumn | W7 | |
| he(o)rþa | n.masc | pelt, deerskin | GED | |
| herþan | n.pl | testicles | GED | |
| hreþer, hræþer, hraþer | n.masc | breast, heart, stomach | ASD/GED | |
| hrīd(d)el | n.neut | coarse sieve | GED | |
| hrīd(d)er | n.neut | coarse sieve | GED | |
| scēar | n.masc | (plow)share | AHD/W7 | |
| sceard | n.neut | shard, sherd | W7 | |
| scearo | n.fem | portion, division; host, retinue | GED | |
| scearp | adj | sharp | W7 | |
| scearu, scyru | n.fem | share, division; cutting, tonsure | AHD/ASD/W7 | |
| sceoran, scear, scēaron, scoren | vb.str | to cut, score | ASD/GED | |
| sc(i)eran, scær, scǣron, scoren | vb.str | to cut, shear | ASD/W7 | |
| scīnan | vb | to shine | W7 | |
| scor | n | shore | W7 | |
| scort | adj | short | W7 | |
| scrapian | vb | to scrape | W7 | |
| scrēad(e) | n.fem | shred, piece | ASD/W7 | |
| scrēawa | n.masc | shrew | W7 | |
| scrīfan | vb.str | to shrive, prescribe | ASD/W7 | |
| scrūd | n.neut | shroud, garment | W7 | |
| scrybb | n.fem | scrub, brushwood | W7 | |
| scyrte | n.fem | skirt, short garment | W7 | |
| Middle English: | a(s)certainen | vb | to ascertain | CDC/W7 |
| ascriven | vb | to ascribe | W7 | |
| carnal | adj | carnal | W7 | |
| caroine | n | carrion | W7 | |
| carpet | n | carpet | W7 | |
| certain | adj | certain | W7 | |
| charnel | n | charnel | W7 | |
| concernen | vb | to concern | W7 | |
| corier | n | currier | W7 | |
| crime | n | crime | W7 | |
| criminal | n | criminal | W7 | |
| crone | n | crone | W7 | |
| curas | n | cuirass | W7 | |
| decree | n | decree | W7 | |
| discernen | vb | to discern | W7 | |
| excoriaten | vb | to excoriate | W7 | |
| garbelen | vb | to garble | W7 | |
| hervest | n | harvest | W7 | |
| incarnat | adj | incarnate | W7 | |
| inscrutable | adj | inscrutable | W7 | |
| kirtel | n | kirtle | W7 | |
| prescriben | vb | to prescribe | W7 | |
| scars | adj | scarce | W7 | |
| scaubert | n | scabbard | W7 | |
| schare | n | (plow)share | W7 | |
| schere | adj | freed from guilt | W7 | |
| schrobbe | n | shrub | W7 | |
| scor | n | score | W7 | |
| scrap | n | scrap | W7 | |
| scrapen | vb | to scrape | W7 | |
| screde | n | fragment | W7 | |
| screne | n | screen | W7 | |
| screw | n | screw | W7 | |
| scribe | n | scribe | W7 | |
| scriblen | vb | to scribble | W7 | |
| scrowe, scrowle | n | scroll | W7 | |
| scurf | n | scurf | W7 | |
| secret | adj/n | secret | W7 | |
| secretarie | n | secretary | W7 | |
| shard | n | shard | W7 | |
| share | n | part, portion; share: plowshare | W7 | |
| sharp | adj | sharp | W7 | |
| sheren | vb | to shear | W7 | |
| shirte | n | shirt | W7 | |
| shore | n | shore | W7 | |
| short | adj | short | W7 | |
| shrede | n | shred | W7 | |
| shrewe | n | shrew; evil/scolding person | W7 | |
| shriven | vb | to shrive | W7 | |
| shroud | n | shroud | W7 | |
| skarmish | n | skirmish | W7 | |
| skere | adj | sheer | W7 | |
| skirt | n | skirt | W7 | |
| skyrmissh | n | skirmish | W7 | |
| subscriben | vb | to subscribe | W7 | |
| ypocrisie | n | hypocrisy | W7 | |
| English: | apocrine | adj | producing secretion via separation of cytoplasm | AHD/W7 |
| ascertain | vb.trans | to make certain/exact/precise | AHD/W7 | |
| ascribe | vb.trans | to attribute, refer to supposed cause/source/author | AHD/W7 | |
| bias | n | line diagonal to fabric grain | AHD/W7 | |
| carnage | n | flesh of slain men/animals | AHD/W7 | |
| carnal | adj | bodily, corporeal, re: flesh | AHD/W7 | |
| carnassial | adj | re: carnivore tooth, larger/longer than adjacent tooth, adapted for cutting | AHD/W7 | |
| carnation | n | variable human flesh color | AHD/W7 | |
| carnivorous | adj | subsisting/feeding on animal flesh | AHD/W7 | |
| -carp | n.sfx | part of fruit | AHD/W7 | |
| carpel | n | structure in seed plant comprising innermost whorl of flower | AHD/W7 | |
| carpet | n | heavy woven/felted fabric used as floor covering | AHD/W7 | |
| -carpous | adj.sfx | having fruit(s) | AHD/W7 | |
| carrion | n | dead/putrefying flesh | AHD/W7 | |
| caruncle | n | naked fleshy outgrowth (e.g. bird's wattle) | AHD/W7 | |
| cenacle | n | (upper-floor) dining room | AHD | |
| certain | adj | fixed, settled | AHD/W7 | |
| charcuterie | n | pork butchery | AHD/CDC | |
| charnel | n | cemetery | AHD/W7 | |
| circumscribe | vb.trans | to draw line around | AHD/W7 | |
| concern | vb | to be about, relate to | AHD/W7 | |
| concert | n | agreement in plan/design | AHD/W7 | |
| concert | vb | to plan together | AHD/W7 | |
| conscript | adj | drafted, conscripted | AHD/W7 | |
| coreopsis | n | composite herbs | AHD/W7 | |
| coriaceous | adj | resembling leather | AHD/W7 | |
| corium | n | dermis | AHD/W7 | |
| corm | n | underground stem acting as vegetable reproductive structure | AHD/W7 | |
| cortex | n | plant bark/rind used medicinally | AHD/W7 | |
| cribriform | adj | pierced with small holes | AHD/W7 | |
| crime | n | commission of forbidden act, omission of mandated duty | AHD/W7 | |
| criminal | adj | re: crime | AHD/W7 | |
| crisis | n | turning point for better/worse in acute disease | AHD/W7 | |
| criterion | n | standard on which judgment/decision may be based | AHD/W7 | |
| critic | n | one who expresses opinion on matter involving judgment/interpretation | AHD/W7 | |
| critic | n | criticism | AHD/W7 | |
| crone | n | withered old woman | AHD/W7 | |
| cuirass | n | piece of armor covering body, neck to girdle | AHD/W7 | |
| currier | n | one who curries | AHD/W7 | |
| curt | adj | terse, sparing of words | AHD/W7 | |
| curtal | adj | having docked tail | AHD/W7 | |
| decorticate | vb.trans | to peel off outer covering | AHD/W7 | |
| decree | n | order usu. having force of law | AHD/W7 | |
| describe | vb.trans | to represent/give account of, in words | AHD/W7 | |
| diacritic | n | modifying mark near/through letter(s) | AHD/W7 | |
| discern | vb | to detect by eye | AHD/W7 | |
| disconcert | vb.trans | to throw into confusion | AHD/W7 | |
| discriminate | vb | to mark/perceive peculiar/distinguishing features | AHD/W7 | |
| eccrine | adj | producing fluid secretion without removal of cytoplasm | AHD/W7 | |
| endocrine | adj | re: secreting internally | AHD/W7 | |
| epicritic | adj | re: detailed cutaneous sensory reception | AHD/W7 | |
| escarpment | n | steep slope, long cliff | W7 | |
| excerpt | vb.trans | to extract, select for quoting | AHD/W7 | |
| excoriate | vb.trans | to abrade, wear off skin | AHD/W7 | |
| excrement | n | waste matter discharged from body | AHD/W7 | |
| excrete | vb.trans | to separate/eliminate waste from body | AHD/W7 | |
| exocrine | adj | re: secreting externally | AHD/W7 | |
| festschrift | n | writings by different authors collected as tribute/memorial to scholar | AHD/W7 | |
| garble | vb | to cull/sift (impurities) | AHD/W7 | |
| harvest | n | season for gathering agricultural crops | AHD/W7 | |
| Harvestmath | prop.n | Bree calendar's September in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| hematocrit | n | instrument for determining relative amounts of plasma/corpuscles in blood | AHD/W7 | |
| hypocrisy | n | feigning to be/believe what one is/does not | AHD/W7 | |
| incarnate | adj | invested with bodily form/nature | AHD/W7 | |
| incertitude | n | uncertainty | AHD/W7 | |
| inscribe | vb.trans | to write/print/engrave as lasting record | AHD/W7 | |
| inscrutable | adj | enigmatic, not readily understood | AHD/W7 | |
| kirtle | n | medieval man's tunic | AHD/W7 | |
| longshore | adj | re: seacoast location | AHD | |
| manuscript | adj/n | (re:) handwritten document | AHD/W7 | |
| postscript | n | note(s) appended to completed letter/article/book | AHD/W7 | |
| prescribe | vb | to claim title by right of use/enjoyment for fixed period | AHD/W7 | |
| proscribe | vb.trans | to publish name of one condemned to death with property forfeited to state | AHD/W7 | |
| recrement | n | dross, scoria, waste matter | AHD | |
| recriminate | vb.intrans | to make retaliatory charge against accuser | AHD/W7 | |
| rescript | n | written answer of Roman emperor/pope to legal inquiry/petition | AHD/W7 | |
| riddle | n | coarse sieve | GED | |
| scabbard | n | sheath for sword/dagger/bayonet | AHD/W7 | |
| scar | n | isolated/protruding rock | AHD/W7 | |
| scaramouch | n | stock character in Italian commedia dell'arte | AHD/W7 | |
| scarce | adj | deficient in number/quantity compared to demand | AHD/W7 | |
| scarf | n | broad cloth band worn over head/around neck/about shoulders | AHD/W7 | |
| scarp | n | steep slope, line of cliffs | AHD/W7 | |
| Scary | prop.n | village near quarry in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| score | n | (group of) twenty | AHD/W7 | |
| score | vb | to record, tally via notches | W7 | |
| scrabble | vb | to scribble, scrawl | AHD/W7 | |
| scrap | n | fragments of discarded/leftover food | AHD/W7 | |
| scrape | vb | to remove matter from surface | AHD/W7 | |
| screed | n | tear, rent | AHD/W7 | |
| screen | n | device used as protection from heat/drafts | AHD/W7 | |
| screen | vb | to guard/shelter from danger/injury | W7 | |
| screw | n | fastener: cylindrical/conical shank with projecting helical rib | AHD/W7 | |
| scribble | vb | to write hastily/carelessly, not necessarily legibly | AHD/W7 | |
| scribe | n | one of learned class serving as copyist/editor | AHD/W7 | |
| scribe | vb | to mark by cutting/scratching | W7 | |
| scrimmage | n | skirmish, minor battle | AHD/W7 | |
| script | n | text, something written | AHD/W7 | |
| scriptorium | n | medieval monastery room for scribes | AHD/W7 | |
| scripture | n | holy writings | TLL | |
| scrobiculate | adj | having shallow grooves/pits | AHD/W7 | |
| scrod | n | young fish (e.g. cod/haddock) | AHD/W7 | |
| scrofula | n | tuberculosis in lymph glands | AHD/W7 | |
| scroll | n | roll of leather/parchment/papyrus for document writing | AHD/W7 | |
| scrotum | n | external pouch containing testes (in most mammals) | AHD/W7 | |
| scrub | vb | to scour, clean with hard rubbing | AHD/W7 | |
| scrutiny | n | examination, searching study/inquiry/inspection | AHD/W7 | |
| scurf | n | thin dry detached epidermal scales | AHD/W7 | |
| seashore | n | land bordering sea | LRC | |
| secern | vb | to separate | AHD/W7 | |
| secret | adj | hidden, kept from view/knowledge | AHD/W7 | |
| secretary | n | confidant: one entrusted with secrets/confidences of superior | AHD/W7 | |
| serif | n | short lines stemming from/at angle to upper/lower ends of letter strokes | AHD/W7 | |
| shard | n | piece/fragment of brittle substance | AHD/W7 | |
| share | n | part, portion | AHD/W7 | |
| share | n | plowshare | AHD/W7 | |
| sharp | adj | adapted for cutting/piercing | AHD/W7 | |
| shear | vb | to cut off (e.g. hair) | AHD/W7 | |
| shears | n.pl | heavy scissors, cutting implement | W7 | |
| sheer | adj | bright, shining | AHD/W7 | |
| shirt | n | garment for upper part of body | AHD/W7 | |
| shore | n | land bordering large body of water | AHD/W7 | |
| shorn | vb.past.ptc | sheared | LRC | |
| short | adj | having little length | AHD/W7 | |
| shred | n | scrap, particle, long narrow strip cut/torn off | AHD/W7 | |
| shrew | n | small nocturnal mammal related to moles | AHD/W7 | |
| shrewd | adj | mischievous | AHD/W7 | |
| shrewmouse | n | shrew | W7 | |
| shrive | vb | to minister sacrament of penance | AHD/W7 | |
| shroud | n | cerement, winding-sheet, burial garment | AHD/W7 | |
| shrub | n | low multi-stemmed woody plant | AHD/W7 | |
| skerry | n | reef, rocky isle | AHD/W7 | |
| skirmish | n | minor fight in war, incidental to larger events | AHD/W7 | |
| skirt | n | free-hanging part of under/outer-garment from waist down | AHD/W7 | |
| subscribe | vb | to sign, write (one's name) underneath | AHD/W7 | |
| superscribe | vb.trans | to write/engrave on top/outside | AHD/W7 | |
| transcribe | vb.trans | to make written copy of | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | rēne | adj | pure | GED |
| scrīva | vb | to shrive, impose punishment | ASD | |
| sker | n | portion; host, retinue | GED | |
| skera | vb | to cut, shear | ASD | |
| skere, schere | n | share: plowshare | ASD | |
| skerp | adj | sharp | ASD | |
| Old Dutch: | schroode | n | shred, piece | ASD |
| Middle Dutch: | scherm | n | screen | W7 |
| schreef | n | serif | W7 | |
| schriven | vb | to write | W7 | |
| schrubben | vb | to scrub | W7 | |
| Dutch: | kiel | n.masc | kirtle | ASD |
| schors | n | bark | TLL | |
| schrabbelen | vb | to scratch | W7 | |
| schreef | n | line, stroke | W7 | |
| schrood | n | shred | W7 | |
| Old Saxon: | hrēni | adj | pure | GED |
| hrēn-korni | n.neut | wheat | GED | |
| hrēnōn | vb | to purify | GED | |
| hrīdra | n | coarse sieve | GED | |
| hrīdrōn | vb | to sift | GED | |
| skarp | adj | sharp | ASD | |
| skerian | vb | to separate, distribute | GED | |
| unhrēni | adj | impure | GED | |
| Middle Low German: | scheren | vb | to shear | GED |
| Old High German: | herbist | n.masc | autumn | ASD |
| herder | n.str.masc | bowels | GED | |
| hrein-herzi | adj | pure in heart | GED | |
| (h)reini | adj | pure | GED | |
| hrītarōn | vb.wk | to sift | GED | |
| kurz, scurz | adj | short | ASD/W7 | |
| reinōn | vb | to purify | GED | |
| rīt(e)ra | n.fem | coarse sieve | GED | |
| scarf | adj | sharp | ASD | |
| scar(o) | n | share: plowshare | ASD/W7 | |
| sceran | vb.str | to cut off | GED | |
| scorf | n | scurf | W7 | |
| scrīban | vb | to write | W7 | |
| scrōt | n | piece cut off | W7 | |
| skara | n.str.fem | portion, host, retinue | GED | |
| skeran | vb.str | to shear | GED | |
| skerjan | vb.wk | to separate, distribute | GED | |
| skirm | n | screen | W7 | |
| skirmen | vb | to defend | W7 | |
| un(h)reini | adj | impure | GED | |
| un(h)reinī | n.str.fem | impurity | GED | |
| Middle High German: | kit(t)el | n.masc | kirtle | ASD |
| scharte | n | sherd | ASD | |
| schurz | n | skirt, short garment | ASD | |
| German: | Festschrift | n.fem | festschrift | W7 |
| Herbst | n.masc | autumn | ASD | |
| Kittel | n.masc | kirtle | ASD | |
| rein | adj | pure, clean; fine-ground | GED | |
| reinigen | vb | to clean, purify | LRC | |
| Scharte | n | shard, sherd | ASD | |
| Schere | n.fem | shears, scissors | LRC | |
| scheren | vb | to shear | LRC | |
| Schirm | n.masc | screen, umbrella | LRC | |
| schirmen | vb | to screen, protect | LRC | |
| Schraffe | n.fem | serif | LRC | |
| Schrift | n.fem | writing | W7 | |
| Schrot | n | shred, piece | ASD | |
| Schurz | n | apron | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | hjǫrr | n.masc | sword | LRC |
| sker | n | skerry | W7 | |
| skera | vb | to shear, pierce, cut open | W7 | |
| skor | n | score, notch, tally | W7 | |
| skrap | n | scraps | W7 | |
| skrapa | vb | to scrape | W7 | |
| skrúð | n.neut | cloth, stuff; mailcoat | LRC | |
| skyrta | n | shirt, kirtle | W7 | |
| skærr | adj | pure | W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | hreðr | n.str.neut | penis | GED |
| hrein-hjartaðr | adj | pure in heart | GED | |
| hreinn | adj | pure | GED | |
| hörund | n | complexion, human flesh | RPN | |
| skera | vb | to shear, cut off | GED | |
| skǫr | n | host | GED | |
| ūhreinn | adj | impure | GED | |
| Icelandic: | haust | n.neut | autumn | ASD |
| kyrtill | n.masc | kirtle | ASD | |
| skarpr | adj | sharp | ASD | |
| skera | vb | to cut | ASD | |
| skortr | adj | want | ASD | |
| skrjóðr | n | shred, strip | ASD | |
| skrúð | n | tackle, ship shrouds | ASD | |
| skurfa | n | scurf | W7 | |
| skyrta | n | shirt, kind of kirtle | ASD | |
| Norwegian: | skrubbebær | n | dwarf cornel | W7 |
| Danish: | kjole | n | dress | TLL |
| kjortel | n.masc/fem | kirtle | ASD | |
| skjorte | n | shirt | TLL | |
| Swedish: | kjol | n | skirt | SAO/TLL |
| kjortel | n.masc | kirtle | ASD | |
| skarp | adj | sharp | TLL | |
| skjorta | n | shirt | TLL | |
| skrubba | vb | to scrub | SEO/W7 | |
| skär | adj | pure, clean; pink, peach-colored | LRC | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | hairþra | n.pl | heart, bowels | GED |
| hrains | adj | clean | GED | |
| *us-skarjan | vb.wk.I | to tear out | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Umbrian: | karu | n | portion | GED |
| Latin: | ascribo, ascribere | vb | to write, add | W7 |
| carnivorus | adj | carnivorous | W7 | |
| carō, carnis | n.fem | meat, flesh | LRC | |
| carpo, carpere | vb | to pluck, gather | W7 | |
| caruncula | n.fem | little piece of flesh | W7 | |
| cernō, cernere, crēvī, certum | vb | to see, discern; sift, decide, separate | LRC | |
| certo, certare | vb | to strive | W7 | |
| certus, certa, certum | adj/past.ptc | sure, certain, decided | GED | |
| circumscribo, circumscribere | vb | to write around | W7 | |
| concerto, concertare | vb | to contend | W7 | |
| conscribo, conscribere | vb | to enroll | W7 | |
| conscriptus | vb.ptc | enrolled | W7 | |
| coriarius | n.masc | tanner | W7 | |
| corium | n.neut | skin, hide, leather | RPN | |
| cortex, corticis | n.masc | rind, hull, shell; bark, envelope | GED | |
| crībrum | n.neut | sieve | GED | |
| crimen | n.neut | accusation, crime | W7 | |
| criminor, criminari | vb.dep | to accuse | W7 | |
| criticus | n.masc | critic | W7 | |
| curtus | adj | shortened | W7 | |
| decerno, decernere | vb | to decide | W7 | |
| decorticatus | vb.ptc | stripped off of the bark | W7 | |
| decortico, decorticare | vb | to remove the bark from | W7 | |
| decretum | n.neut | decree, decision | W7 | |
| decretus | vb.ptc | decided | W7 | |
| describo, describere | vb | to describe | W7 | |
| discerno, discernere | vb | to separate, distinguish between | W7 | |
| discrīmen, discrīminis | n.neut | difference, distinction | W7 | |
| discriminatus | vb.ptc | chosen, distinguished | W7 | |
| discrimino, discrimināre | vb | to sort | W7 | |
| excerno, excernere | vb | to strain, sift out, discharge | W7 | |
| excerpo, excerpere | vb | to gather, pluck out | W7 | |
| excerptus | vb.ptc | gathered, plucked | W7 | |
| excrementum | n.neut | dejection | W7 | |
| excretus | vb.ptc | rejected | W7 | |
| inscribo, inscribere | vb | to inscribe | W7 | |
| postscribo, postscribere | vb | to write after | W7 | |
| postscriptum | n.neut | something written after | W7 | |
| postscriptus | vb.ptc | written after | W7 | |
| praescribo, praescribere | vb | to order, dictate, write at the beginning | W7 | |
| proscribo, proscribere | vb | to publish, proscribe | W7 | |
| rescribo, rescribere | vb | to write in reply | W7 | |
| rescriptum | n.neut | a letter in reply | W7 | |
| rescriptus | vb.ptc | written in reply | W7 | |
| scortea | n | leather bag/garment | LRC | |
| scorteus | adj | leather | LRC | |
| scortum | n.neut | skin, hide; whore, harlot | GED | |
| scriba | n.masc | scribe, official writer | W7 | |
| scrībō, scribere, scrīpsī, scriptum | vb | to write | LRC | |
| scribo, scribere | vb | to write, draw | W7 | |
| scriptum | n.neut | thing written | W7 | |
| scriptus | vb.ptc | written | W7 | |
| scrobiculus | n.masc | small ditch | W7 | |
| scrobis | n.masc | ditch | W7 | |
| scrofa | n.fem | breeding sow | W7 | |
| scrōtum | n.neut | skin, scrotum | GED | |
| scrupus | n.masc | sharp stone | W7 | |
| scruta | n.neut.pl | trash | W7 | |
| scrutinium | n.neut | act of scrutinizing, act of examining | W7 | |
| scrutor, scrutāri | vb.dep | to search, examine | W7 | |
| secerno, secernere | vb | to separate, distinguish | W7 | |
| secretum | n.neut | secret | W7 | |
| secretus | vb.ptc | separated | W7 | |
| subscribo, subscribere | vb | to write beneath | W7 | |
| superscribo, superscribere | vb | to write over | W7 | |
| transcribo, transcribere | vb | to write across | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | caronia | n.fem | dead animal | W7 |
| certanus | adj | certain, sure, assured | W7 | |
| excarpsus | vb.ptc | plucked out | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | carnale | adj.neut | carnal | W7 |
| carnalis | adj | carnal | W7 | |
| certitudo | n.fem | certitude | W7 | |
| concerno, concernere | vb | to sift together, mingle | W7 | |
| concerto, concertāre | vb | to plan together | W7 | |
| coreacea | adj.fem | leathern | W7 | |
| coreaceus | adj | leathern | W7 | |
| coriaceus | adj | resembling leather | W7 | |
| criminalis | adj | criminal | W7 | |
| excoriatus | vb.ptc | excoriated | W7 | |
| excorio, excoriāre | vb | to wear off the skin | W7 | |
| hypocrisis | n.fem | hypocrisy | W7 | |
| incarnatus | vb.ptc | flesh-colored, incarnated | W7 | |
| incarno, incarnāre | vb | to incarnate | W7 | |
| incertitudo | n.fem | incertitude | W7 | |
| inscrutabilis | adj | not searcheable | W7 | |
| scrofula, scrofulae | n.fem | tuberculosis of lymph glands | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | carnale | adj.neut | carnal | W7 |
| carnaticum | n.neut | tribute consisting of animals or meat | W7 | |
| concerno, concernere | vb | to mingle | W7 | |
| praescribo, praescribere | vb | to prescribe | W7 | |
| recriminatus | vb.ptc | recriminated | W7 | |
| recrimino, recriminare | vb | to recriminate | W7 | |
| scribillo, scribillare | vb | to scribble | W7 | |
| scriptorium | n.neut | medieval monastery room for scribes | W7 | |
| scrofula | n.fem | scrofula | W7 | |
| secretarius | n.masc | secretary | W7 | |
| New Latin: | carpellum | n.neut | carpel | W7 |
| -carpium | sfx | -carp; re: seizing/prehension | W7 | |
| -carpus | sfx | -carpous; re: seizing/prehension | W7 | |
| coreopsis | n.fem | bedbug | W7 | |
| cormus | n.masc | tree trunk | W7 | |
| postscriptum | n.neut | postscript, note at end of letter | W7 | |
| Spanish: | escritura | n | scripture | TLL |
| escuerzo | n | frog, toad | LRC | |
| Old French: | acertainer, acerteiner | vb.trans | to ascertain | CDC |
| ascrire | vb.trans | to ascribe | CDC | |
| certain | adj | sure, assured, certain | W7 | |
| escorce | n | bark, peel | LRC | |
| ypocrisie | n.fem | hypocrisy | W7 | |
| Old North French: | carnal | adj | carnal | W7 |
| carogne | n.fem | dead and putrefying flesh, flesh unfit for food | W7 | |
| escarpe | n.fem | sash, sling | W7 | |
| escars | vb.ptc | plucked out | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | caroine | n.fem | putrefacting flesh | W7 |
| escaubers | n.masc | sheath | W7 | |
| Middle French: | acertainer | vb | to ascertain | W7 |
| ascrivre | vb | to write | W7 | |
| biais | adv | bias, crooked position | W7 | |
| carnage | n.masc | massacre | W7 | |
| carnation | n.fem | carnation | W7 | |
| chaircuiterie | n | charcuterie, lit. pork-butcher's shop | W9 | |
| chaircutier | n | pork butcher | W9 | |
| charnel | adj | of the flesh | W7 | |
| concerner | vb | to concern | W7 | |
| concerter | vb | to concert | W7 | |
| conscript | n.masc | written note appended to a document | W7 | |
| corier | n.masc | currier | W7 | |
| court | adj | short | W7 | |
| courtault | adj | curtal, cut short | W7 | |
| curasse | n.fem | cuirass | W7 | |
| decré | n.masc | decision | W7 | |
| desconcerter | vb | to disconcert | W7 | |
| discerner | vb | to discern | W7 | |
| escarmouche | n.fem | skirmish | W7 | |
| escren | n.masc | screen | W7 | |
| escroe | n.fem | nut, female screw | W7 | |
| incertitude | n.fem | incertitude | W7 | |
| secret | n.masc | secret | W7 | |
| French: | biais | n | bias, slant | AHD |
| carnassier | adj | carnivorous | W7 | |
| caruncule | n.masc | caruncle | W7 | |
| charcuterie | n | charcuterie, lit. pork-butcher's shop | W9 | |
| concert | n.masc | concert | W7 | |
| écorce | n | bark, peel | LRC | |
| écriture | n | scripture | TLL | |
| Provençal: | biais | n | bias, slant | AHD |
| Old Italian: | carnagione | n.fem | carnation | W7 |
| carne | n.fem | flesh | W7 | |
| carpire | vb | to pluck | W7 | |
| carpita | n.fem | carpet | W7 | |
| concertare | vb | to plan together, to consult one another | W7 | |
| garbellare | vb | to garble | W7 | |
| Italian: | ascrivere | vb.trans | to ascribe | CDC |
| concertare | vb | to plan, settle | W7 | |
| concèrto | n.masc | concert | W7 | |
| scaramuccia | n.fem | skirmish | W7 | |
| scarpa | n.fem | shoe | W7 | |
| scorza | n | bark, peel | LRC | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | kar̃tas | n.masc | time | LRC |
| kerpù, kir̃pti | vb | to cut (with scissors) | RPN | |
| kir̃sti, ker̃ta, kir̃to | vb | to cut | LRC | |
| skìrti | vb | to cut, separate | GED | |
| Latvian: | kārts | n.fem | pole | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | črěvo | n | belly | GED |
| Russian: | korá | n | crust; rind, bark | RPN |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | καρπός | n.masc | fruit; wrist | LRC |
| Greek: | ἀποκρίνω | vb | to separate, answer | LRC |
| diakrinein | vb | to distinguish | W7 | |
| diakritikos | adj | separative | W7 | |
| epikarsios | adj | slanted | AHD | |
| epikrinein | vb | to decide | W7 | |
| epikritikos | adj | determinative | W7 | |
| εὖνις | adj | bereaved | GED | |
| -karpion | sfx | to seize | W7 | |
| κείρω | vb | to shear, clip, cut off | GED | |
| koris | n.fem | bedbug | W7 | |
| kormos | n.masc | tree trunk | W7 | |
| κρῑ́νω | vb | to cut; to judge, decide | GED | |
| κρίσις | n | decision | GED | |
| kritērion | n.neut | criterion | W7 | |
| kritēs | n.masc | judge | W7 | |
| kritikos | adj | able to discern | W7 | |
| kritkē | n.neut | art of the critic | W7 | |
| skariphasthai | vb | to scratch an outline, sketch | W7 | |
| hypokrinesthai | vb | to answer, act on stage | W7 | |
| hypokrisis | n | hypocrisy, playing role on stage | W7 | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | kar-aš-zi | vb.3.sg | to cut off | RPN |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | čarəman- | n | skin, hide | RPN |
| kərəntaiti | vb | to cut, flay; to dress an animal | RPN | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | kartati | vb | to cut (off) | RPN |
| kr̥ṇāti | vb | to harm, kill | GED | |
| kr̥tti- | n | pelt | GED | |
| kṛ́tti-ḥ | n | skin, hide | RPN | |
| kṛntáti | vb | to cut (off) | RPN | |
| cárman- | n | skin, hide, bark | GED | |
| pŕ̥śniṣ | adj | spotted | GED | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | kärst- | vb | to cut up, destroy | RPN |
| Tocharian A: | kärṣt- | vb | to cut up, destroy | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| past | = | past (tense) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| SAO | = | Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011) |
| SEO | = | Norstedts Stora Svensk-Engelska Ordbok, 3rd ed. (2000) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
| W9 | = | Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1983) |
