Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: slak- 'to hit, hammer'
Semantic Field(s): to Hit, Strike, Beat, Hammer (n)
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Middle Irish: | slacain | vb.1.sg | I beat | W7 |
English | ||||
Old English: | ofslean, ofslōh, ofslōgon, ofslægen | vb.str.VI | to slay, destroy | LRC |
sle(a)ht, sli(e)ht, slīet, slyht | n.masc | stroke, striking, slaughter | ASD/W7 | |
slēan, slōg, slōgon, slagen | vb.str | to slay, smite, strike | ASD/W7 | |
slecg | n.fem | sledge | W7 | |
Middle English: | slaughter | n | slaughter | W7 |
slegge | n | sledge | W7 | |
sleight | n | sleight | W7 | |
slen | vb | to slay | W7 | |
sli | adj | sly | W7 | |
English: | onslaught | n | fierce attack | AHD/W7 |
schlock | n | shoddy/inferior item | AHD | |
slag | n | cinder, dross/scoria of metal | AHD/W7 | |
slaughter | n | act of killing | AHD/W7 | |
slay, slew, slain | vb.str | to kill, put to death violently | AHD/W7 | |
sledge | n | sledgehammer | AHD/W7 | |
sledgehammer | n | large heavy two-handed hammer | W7 | |
sleight | n | deceitful craftiness | AHD/W7 | |
sly | adj | shrewd, canny | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | slā | vb | to slay, smite, strike | ASD |
slachte | n | (mortal) blow; stamp, coining | ASD | |
Dutch: | aanslag | n | onslaught | W7 |
Old Saxon: | man-slahta | n.fem | manslaughter | ASD |
slahan | vb | to slay, smite, strike | ASD | |
Middle Low German: | slagge | n | slag | W7 |
Old High German: | slaga | n | sledge, hammer, mallet | ASD |
slahan | vb | to slay, smite, strike | W7 | |
slahta | n | slaughter | ASD | |
German: | Anschlag | n.masc | onslaught, assault | LRC |
Schlag | n.masc | hit, blow | LRC | |
schlagen | vb | to hit, strike, smite | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | slá | vb | to slay, smite, strike | LRC |
slātra | vb | to slaughter | W7 | |
sleggja | n | sledge | W7 | |
sloeght | n | sleight | W7 | |
sloegr | adj | sly | W7 | |
Old Icelandic: | sláttr | n.masc | smiting, mowing; striking an instrument | ICE |
Icelandic: | slá | vb | to slay, smite, strike | ASD |
sleggja | n | sledge | ASD | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | af-slahan | vb | to slay | ASD |
slahan | vb | to slay, smite, strike | ASD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
1 | = | 1st person |
VI | = | class 6 |
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
sg | = | singular (number) |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
ICE | = | Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |