Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: snēu- : snū-, and snĕu- 'to turn, bind, attach; band, sinew'
Semantic Field(s): to Turn, to Bind, Rope, Cord
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | snēowan | vb.str | to hasten | GED |
| snūþ | n.masc | hurry | GED | |
| snyþþan | vb.wk | to rush | GED | |
| English: | aponeurosis | n | flat thin dense fascia terminating/attaching to muscle | AHD/W7 |
| enervate | vb.trans | to lessen vitality/strength of | AHD/W7 | |
| nerve | n | sinew, tendon | AHD/W7 | |
| neuron | n | fundamental cell in nerve tissue | AHD/W7 | |
| neurula | n | embryo in early development | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| German: | Nerv | n.masc | nerve | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | snúa | vb | to plait, tie, twist, turn | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | snera | vb.str.VII.pret | to turn | GED |
| snugga | vb.wk | to look | GED | |
| snūa | vb | to turn | GED | |
| snūðigr | adj | swift | GED | |
| snūðr | n | twist, profit | GED | |
| snūinn | vb.past.ptc | to turn | GED | |
| snyðja | vb | to rush | GED | |
| Icelandic: | snöggr | adj | sudden | ASD |
| Danish: | nerve | n | nerve | TLL |
| Swedish: | nerv | n | nerve | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *sniwan | vb.str.V | to come upon | GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | enervatus | vb.ptc | weak, lacking energy | W7 |
| enervo, enervāre | vb | to weaken, take away energy | W7 | |
| nervus, nervi | n.masc | nerve, sinew, muscle | LRC | |
| New Latin: | neuron | n.neut | neuron | W7 |
| Portuguese: | nervo | n | nerve | TLL |
| Spanish: | nervio | n | nerve | TLL |
| French: | nerf | n | nerve | TLL |
| Italian: | nervo | n | nerve | TLL |
| Baltic | ||||
| Latvian: | snaujis | n | noose | GED |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | o-snovati | vb.past.ptc | found | GED |
| Russian: | snovatь | vb | to scheme, go quickly back and forth | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | aponeurousthai | vb | to pass into tendon | W7 |
| aponeurōsis | n.fem | passing into tendon | W7 | |
| νεῦρον | n.neut | nerve, sinew | GED | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | snāvarə | n | sinew | GED |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | snā́va | n | sinew | GED |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | ṣñaura | n | sinews | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| V | = | class 5 |
| VII | = | class 7 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| past | = | past (tense) |
| pret | = | preterite (tense) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
