Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: stāi-, stī̆-, sti̯-ā- 'to condense, press together; stiff; stone'
Semantic Field(s): to Gather, Collect, to Press, Rock, Stone
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | Æðelstān | prop.n | Athelstan, lit. noble-stone | LRC |
| bryn-stān | n.masc | brimstone | MEV | |
| eorc(n)an-stān, eorcen-stān | n.str.masc | jewel, precious stone, lit. silver-stone | ASD | |
| stān | n.masc | stone | W7 | |
| stān-boga | n.masc | arch, bridge, lit. stone-bow | ASD | |
| stān-clif | n.neut | stony cliff | LRC | |
| stig, stī | n.neut | sty, enclosure; hall, part of house | IEW/W7 | |
| stī(g)-weard | n.masc | steward, lit. hall-ward | W7 | |
| Middle English: | brinston, brynstane | n | brimstone | MEV/W7 |
| steward | n | steward | W7 | |
| ston(e) | n | stone | W7 | |
| sty | n | sty | W7 | |
| English: | Arkenstone | prop.n | Thorin's precious stone in Tolkien: The Hobbit | LRC |
| Athelstan | prop.n | king of England (AD 924/925 - 939) | LRC | |
| brimstone | n | sulfur | AHD/W7 | |
| Elfstan | prop.n | hobbit in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Elfstone | prop.n | a.k.a. Aragorn in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| steapsin | n | lipase in pancreatic juice | AHD/W7 | |
| stearic | adj | re: stearin/tallow | AHD/W7 | |
| stearin | n | ester of glycerol/stearic acid | AHD/W7 | |
| steatite | n | soapstone: massive talc | AHD/W7 | |
| stein | n | earthenware beer mug | AHD/W7 | |
| steward | n | one employed to manage domestic concerns | AHD/W7 | |
| stone | n | concretion of earthy/mineral matter | AHD/W7 | |
| Stonebows | prop.n.pl | a.k.a. Brandywine Bridge in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Stonewain | prop.n | narrow valley in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| sty | n | enclosure for animals (esp. swine) | W7 | |
| tungsten | n | hard heavy ductile polyvalent metal | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | stēn | n | stone | ASD |
| Dutch: | steen | n | stone | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | stēn | n | stone | ASD |
| Old High German: | stein | n.masc | stone | W7 |
| stīga | n.fem | sty; hall | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | stīge, stīje | n | sty for small livestock | IEW |
| German: | Steige | n.fem | sty, hen-coop | ASD |
| Stein | n.masc | stone | W7 | |
| Steingut | n.neut | stoneware, pottery | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | Aðalsteinn | prop.n | Athelstan, lit. noble stone | LRC |
| bautarsteinn | n.masc | memorial stone | LRC | |
| jarknasteinn | n.masc | precious stone | LRC | |
| steinn | n.masc | stone, rock | LRC | |
| stī | n | sty | W7 | |
| Icelandic: | steina-brú | n | (natural) stone bridge | ASD |
| stein-bogi | n | stone arch | ASD | |
| steinn | n | stone | ASD | |
| stía | n.fem | sty, kennel | ASD | |
| stívarðr | n | steward | ASD | |
| svína-stí | n | pig-sty | ASD | |
| Danish: | sten | n | stone | TLL |
| stí | n | sty | ASD | |
| Swedish: | sten | n | stone | W7 |
| stia | n.fem | sty | ASD | |
| tungsten | n | tungsten, lit. heavy stone | W7 | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | stáins | n.str.masc | stone | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | steatitis | n.fem | precious stone | W7 |
| French: | stéarine | n.fem | stearin | R1/W7 |
| stéarique | adj | stearic, re: stearine | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | στέαρ | n.neut | (hard) fat, tallow | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| R1 | = | Josette Rey-Debove and Alain Rey, eds. Le Nouveau Petit Robert (1993) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
