Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: stāk-, stek- 'to place, stand'
Semantic Field(s): to Stand
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | stæg | n.neut | stay: rope | W7 |
stēle, stīle | n.neut | steel | W7 | |
Middle English: | stay | n | stay | W7 |
stele | n | steel | W7 | |
English: | stay | n | support, something serving as prop | AHD/W7 |
stay | n | large strong rope supporting mast | AHD/W7 | |
steel | n | iron alloy (ca. 1.7 percent carbon) | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Dutch: | staal | n | steel | TLL |
Old High German: | stahal | n | steel | W7 |
German: | Stahl | n.masc | steel | LRC |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | stag | n | stay: rope | W7 |
stál | n | steel | KNW | |
Icelandic: | stag | n | stay: rope | ASD |
stál | n | steel | ASD | |
Danish: | staal | n | steel | TLL |
stag | n | stay: rope | ASD | |
Swedish: | stål | n | steel | TLL |
Italic | ||||
Middle French: | estaie | n | stay: prop | W7 |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | stakati | vb | to resist | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |