Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: stē̆ib(h)-, stī̆b(h)-, stē̆ip-, stī̆p- 'stick, pole, stake; stiff'
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | stīf | adj | stiff | W7 |
| Middle English: | steven | vb | to steeve | W7 |
| stif | adj | stiff | W7 | |
| stuble | n | stubble | W7 | |
| stuflen | vb | to stifle | W7 | |
| English: | constipate | vb.trans | to make costive, cause constipation in | AHD/W7 |
| constipation | n | inability to defecate | TLL | |
| etiolate | vb.trans | to bleach/alter natural development of by excluding sunlight | AHD/W7 | |
| steeve | vb.trans | to stow in ship's hold | AHD/W7 | |
| stevedore | n | one who (un)loads ship in port | AHD/W7 | |
| stiff | adj | rigid, not easily bent | AHD/W7 | |
| stifle | vb | to choke, muffle, smother, suffocate | IEW | |
| stipe | n | short plant stalk | AHD/W7 | |
| stipel | n | stipule of leaflet | AHD/W7 | |
| stipes | n | peduncle | AHD/W7 | |
| stipple | vb.trans | to engrave via dots/flicks | AHD/W7 | |
| stipule | n | appendage at base of leaf in plant | AHD/W7 | |
| stubble | n | herbaceous plant part left in soil after harvest | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle Dutch: | stijf | adj | stiff | W7 |
| Dutch: | stijf | adj | stiff | ASD |
| stippelen | vb | to stipple | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | stīf | adj | stiff | ASD |
| German: | steif | adj | stiff | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | stīfla | vb | to dam, check, restrain, stifle | IEW |
| Danish: | stiv | adj | stiff | ASD |
| Swedish: | styf | adj | stiff | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | constipo, constipāre | vb | to crowd together | W7 |
| stipes | n.masc | tree trunk | W7 | |
| stīpo, stīpare | vb | to compress, press together | W7 | |
| stipula | n.fem | stalk, straw | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | constipatus | vb.ptc | crowded together | W7 |
| New Latin: | stipella | n.fem | stipule of leaflet | W7 |
| stipes, stipitis | n.fem | root, peduncle | W7 | |
| stipula | n.fem | stipule | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | estivar | vb | to pack tightly | W7 |
| Spanish: | estibador | n.masc/fem | stevedore | Sal/W7 |
| estibar | vb | to pack tightly | W7 | |
| Old French: | estuble | n.masc | stalk, straw | W7 |
| French: | étoiler | vb | to decorate with stars | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | στείβω | vb | to stamp, tread, trample | LRC |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | stipem | vb | to push, urge | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| Sal | = | Diccionario Salamanca de la Lengua Española (1996) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |