Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: (s)teig- 'to stick, prick; sharp'
Semantic Field(s): to Bore, Sharp
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | sticca | n.masc | stick, peg | W7 |
| stice | n.str.masc | stitch, prick; point/moment in time | GED | |
| sticel | adj | steep | GED | |
| sticel | n.masc | stickle; point, tip, goad | GED | |
| stician | vb.wk | to stick, prick | GED | |
| tiger | n | tiger | W7 | |
| Middle English: | instinct | n | instinct | W7 |
| steke | n | steak | W7 | |
| stiche | n | stitch | W7 | |
| stik | n | stick | W7 | |
| stikken | vb | to stick | W7 | |
| stykylbak | n | stickleback | W7 | |
| thistel | n | thistle | W7 | |
| tigre | n | tiger | W7 | |
| English: | astigmatism | n | lens defect causing blurred/imperfect image | AHD/W7 |
| distinguish | vb | to perceive as separate/different | AHD/W7 | |
| etiquette | n | behavior observed in polite social/official life | AHD/W7 | |
| extinguish | vb.trans | to quench, cause to cease burning | AHD/W7 | |
| instigate | vb.trans | to provoke, goad/urge forward | AHD/W7 | |
| instinct | n | natural impulse/aptitude/capacity | AHD/W7 | |
| snickersnee | n | knife resembling sword | AHD | |
| steak | n | meat sliced from fleshy beef carcass, usu. broiled | AHD/W7 | |
| stich | n | var. of stitch | GED/W7 | |
| stick, stuck | vb.str | to stab, pierce with pointed tool/weapon | AHD/W7 | |
| stick | n | woody part/piece of tree/shrub | AHD/W7 | |
| stickleback | n | fish with sharp spines | GED/W7 | |
| stigma | n | brand, scar left by hot iron | AHD/W7 | |
| stitch | n | sudden sharp pain, esp. in side | AHD/W7 | |
| stoup | n | beaker | GED | |
| thistle | n | prickly composite plant | AHD/W7 | |
| Thistlewool | prop.n | Bree surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| ticket | n | document serving as permit/license/certificate | AHD/W7 | |
| tiger | n | large carnivorous Asiatic cat | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | steka | vb.str | to stick, stab, prick | GED |
| steke | n.str.masc | point, moment; stab, prick | ASD/GED | |
| Middle Dutch: | steken | vb | to stick | W7 |
| Old Saxon: | stekan | vb.str | to stick, stab, pierce | GED |
| stekul | adj | steep | GED | |
| Middle Low German: | stekel | n | point, tip | GED |
| stickel | n | point, tip | GED | |
| stōp | n | stoup | GED | |
| Old High German: | distill | n | thistle | W7 |
| steccho | n | stick, peg | ASD | |
| stechal | adj | steep | GED | |
| stehhal | n.str.masc | stoup | GED | |
| stehhan | vb.str | to stick, stab, prick | GED | |
| stichil, stihhil | n.str.masc | point, tip | ASD/GED | |
| sticken | vb.wk | to prick | GED | |
| stih(h) | n.str.masc | point, moment; prick, stitch | ASD/GED | |
| stouf | n.str.masc | stoup | GED | |
| Middle High German: | stecken | vb | to stick, remain fixed | ASD |
| German: | Distel | n.fem | thistle | LRC |
| Stachel | n.masc | thorn, spike, prickle | LRC | |
| stechen | vb | to stick, prick, pierce | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | steik | n | steak | W7 |
| steikja | vb | to roast on stake | W7 | |
| stik | n | stick, stake | W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | staup | n | stoup | GED |
| stikill | n | tip (esp. of drinking horn) | GED | |
| Icelandic: | staup | n.neut | stoup, cup | ASD |
| stika | n.fem | stick | ASD | |
| stikill | n | pointed end of horn | ASD | |
| Danish: | stik | n | stab | ASD |
| Swedish: | stick | n | prick, stitch, stab | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | stikls | n.masc | stoup, chalice | GED |
| stiks | n.str.masc | point, moment in time | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | dīstinguō, dīstinguere, dīstinxī, dīstinctum | vb | to divide, distinguish | LRC |
| extinguo, extinguere | vb | to extinguish | W7 | |
| instigatus | vb.ptc | incited | W7 | |
| īnstīgō, īnstīgāre | vb | to incite, instigate | GED | |
| instinctus | adj | impelled | W7 | |
| instinguō, instinguere | vb | to incite | W7 | |
| stigma, stigmatis | n.fem | mark, brand | W7 | |
| stinguō, stinguere | vb | to extinguish, to put out | W7 | |
| tigris | n.masc/fem | tiger | W7 | |
| Old French: | tigre | n.masc | tiger | W7 |
| Middle French: | distinguer | vb | to separate, distinguish | W7 |
| estiquet | n.masc | attachment | W7 | |
| estiquier | vb | to attach | W7 | |
| French: | étiquette | n.fem | etiquette, tag | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | sticlo | n | glass | GED |
| Lithuanian: | stìklas | n | glass | GED |
| Latvian: | stikls | n | glass | GED |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | stьklo | n | glass | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | στίγμα | n.neut | mark, tattoo | LRC |
| στιγμή | n.fem | spot, point | LRC | |
| stizein | vb | to tattoo | W7 | |
| τίγρις | n.fem | tiger | LRC | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | tig(h)ra- | adj | pointed | GED |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | tigmá- | adj | pointed | GED |
| téjate | vb | to be sharp | GED | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |