Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. stel- 'to put, place'
Semantic Field(s): to Put, Place, Set, Lay
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | apostol | n.masc | apostle | W7 |
| ge-steald | n.str.neut | dwelling | GED | |
| hæg(e)-steald, heh-steald | n.str.neut | youth, bachelor, servant | ASD/GED | |
| hagu-steald, hago-steald | n.str.neut | youth, bachelor, servant | ASD/GED | |
| stealc | adj | lofty | W7 | |
| stealdan | vb.str.VII | to have, possess | GED/IEW | |
| steall | n.masc | stall, place, (standing) position | ASD/IEW | |
| stellan, stillan | vb | to set, place | ASD/IEW | |
| stole | n.fem | stole | W7 | |
| Middle English: | apostel, apostle | n | apostle | MEV/W7 |
| epistle | n | epistle | W7 | |
| forstall | n | act of waylaying | W7 | |
| stale | adj | stale | W7 | |
| stalke | n | stalk | W7 | |
| stall | n | stall | W7 | |
| stallion | n | stallion | W7 | |
| stille | adj | still | W7 | |
| stilte | n | stilt | W7 | |
| stole | n | stole | W7 | |
| stout | adj | stout | W7 | |
| English: | apostle | n | one sent (on mission) | AHD/W7 |
| collocate | vb | to put in place | TLL | |
| couch | n | long cushioned seating | TLL | |
| diastole | n | rhythmically recurrent expansion | AHD/W7 | |
| epistle | n | letter (in New Testament) | AHD/W7 | |
| gestalt | n | integration of physical/biological/psychological phenomena | AHD/W7 | |
| install | vb.trans | to put/set in place | AHD/W7 | |
| installment | n | periodic part in which debt is paid | AHD/W7 | |
| local | adj | re: (nearby) locale/position | W7 | |
| locale | n | site, place, scene | W7 | |
| locate | vb | to place, settle, establish site/limits | W7 | |
| locavore | n | one who prefers locally grown food | LRC | |
| locus | n | locale, position | LRC | |
| pedestal | n | foot/support of late classic/neoclassic column | AHD/W7 | |
| peristalsis | n | successive waves of hollow muscle contraction | AHD/W7 | |
| stale | adj | tasteless/unpalatable from age | AHD/W7 | |
| stalk | n | main stem of herbaceous plant | AHD/W7 | |
| stall | n | compartment in barn/stable | AHD/W7 | |
| stallion | n | uncastrated male horse | AHD/W7 | |
| stele | n | central vascular portion of vascular plant axis | AHD/W7 | |
| still | adj | quiet, motionless | AHD/W7 | |
| stilt | n | pole with foot-rest/strap for elevating wearer above ground | AHD/W7 | |
| stole | n | robe, long loose garment | AHD/W7 | |
| stolid | adj | unemotional, hard to arouse/excite | AHD/W7 | |
| stollen | n | rich yeast bread with citron/raisins/chopped nuts | AHD | |
| stolon | n | horizontal branch propagating from plant base | AHD/W7 | |
| stout | adj | of strong character | AHD/W7 | |
| stull | n | round timber for supporting sides/back of mine | AHD/W7 | |
| stultify | vb.trans | to allege/prove to be of unsound mind | AHD/W7 | |
| systaltic | adj | pulsing, marked by regular contraction/dilatation | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | stal(l) | n.str.masc | stall, barn, (standing) place | ASD/GED |
| Middle Dutch: | stel | adj | stale | W7 |
| Old Saxon: | haga-stold, hagu-stald, haga-stald | n | youth, bachelor, servant | ASD/GED |
| stellian | vb | to place | IEW | |
| Old High German: | hagu-stalt, haga-stalt, haga-stolt | n | youth, bachelor, servant | ASD/GED/IEW |
| Hagu-stolt | prop.n | Hagustolt | GED | |
| stal(l) | n.str.masc | stall, place; barn, stable, dwelling | GED/IEW | |
| stellen, stellan | vb | to place | ASD/IEW | |
| stelza | n | stilt | W7 | |
| stilli | adj | still | W7 | |
| stolz | adj | proud | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | stal(l) | n.str.masc | stall, place; barn, stable, dwelling | IEW |
| German: | Gestalt | n.fem | form, shape, figure, gestalt | W7 |
| Hagestolz | n | youth, bachelor, servant | GED | |
| Stall | n.masc | stall, sty, kennel, stable | LRC | |
| stellen | vb | to place | LRC | |
| Stelze | n.fem | stilt | LRC | |
| still | adj | still | LRC | |
| Stille | n.fem | stillness | LRC | |
| Stolle | n.fem | stollen, fruit loaf | LRC | |
| Stollen | n.masc | post, support | W7 | |
| stolz | adj | proud | LRC | |
| Bavarian: | Stollen | n.masc | stollen, fruit loaf | AHD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Runic: | Hagu-stadaz | prop.n | Hagustadaz | GED |
| Hagu-staldaz | prop.n | Hagustaldaz | GED | |
| Hagu-staldiz | prop.n | Hagustaldiz | GED | |
| Old Norse: | stallr | n.masc | stall; perch (for hawk) | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | hag-stœðr | adj | fair, favorable | GED |
| hauk-staldr | n.str.masc | chieftain | GED | |
| (hug-)stœðr | adj | firm, steadfast, fixed in one's mind | GED | |
| stallr | n | stall, stand; crib, rack, frame | IEW | |
| stāl | n.str.neut | granary | GED | |
| Icelandic: | stallr | n | stall; shelf | ASD |
| stola | n.fem | stole | ASD | |
| Norwegian: | hog-stall | n.masc | bachelor | GED |
| Danish: | stilk | n | stalk | TLL |
| Swedish: | hog-stall | n.masc | bachelor | GED |
| stjälk | n | stalk | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | and-stald | n.neut | additional aid/supply | GED |
| *and-staldan | vb.str.VII | to supply | GED/IEW | |
| ga-staldan | vb | to gain, acquire, possess | IEW | |
| Italic | ||||
| Old Latin: | stlocus | n.masc | locus | IEW/W7 |
| Latin: | collocō, collocāre | vb | to collocate | TLL |
| epistola, epistula | n.fem | letter | W7 | |
| locō, locāre, locāvī, locātus | vb | to locate, arrange | LRC | |
| locus, loci | n.masc | locus | W7 | |
| stola | n.fem | stole | W7 | |
| stolidus | adj | dull, stupid | W7 | |
| stolo | n.masc | branch, sucker | W7 | |
| stultus | adj | foolish | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | apostolus | n.masc | apostle, messenger | W7 |
| stultifico, stultificāre | vb | to make foolish | W7 | |
| Middle Latin: | gastaldio, gastaldius | n | steward (of royal estates), governor (of district) | GED |
| kastaldis | n | steward (of royal estates), governor (of district) | GED | |
| Medieval Latin: | installo, installare | vb | to install | W7 |
| stallum | n.neut | stall | W7 | |
| New Latin: | peristalsis | n.fem | involuntary intestinal contractions | W7 |
| Portuguese: | lugar | n | place | TLL |
| Spanish: | lugar | n | place | TLL |
| Old French: | apostle | n.masc | apostle, messenger | W7 |
| epistle | n.fem | epistle, letter | W7 | |
| estal | n | place | AHD | |
| estaler | vb | to place, fix | W7 | |
| Middle French: | installer | vb | to install | W7 |
| piedestal | n.masc | pedestal | W7 | |
| French: | lieu | n | place | TLL |
| Old Italian: | piedestallo | n.masc | pedestal | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | staldis | n | stall | GED |
| Lithuanian: | stal̃das | n | stall | GED |
| Latvian: | stal̃lis | n | stall | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | στέλλω | vb | to equip, arrange, put in order | LRC |
| στήλη | n.fem | stone, pillar, monument | LRC | |
| Greek: | ἀπο-στέλλω | vb | to send away | LRC |
| apo-stolos | n.masc | apostle, messenger | W7 | |
| δια-στέλλω | vb | to expand, give express orders | LRC | |
| dia-stolē | n.fem | dilatation | W7 | |
| ἐπι-στέλλω | vb | to send to | LRC | |
| epi-stolē | n | message, letter | W7 | |
| peri-staltikos | adj | peristaltic | W7 | |
| περι-στέλλω | vb | to wrap around | LRC | |
| stellein | vb | to place, install, set up | W7 | |
| stolē | n.fem | stole, equipment | W7 | |
| στόλος | n.masc | army | LRC | |
| systaltos | adj | verbal | W7 | |
| sy-stellein | vb | to contract | W7 | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | stełn | n | branch | HH/W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| VII | = | class 7 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| HH | = | Heinrich Hübschmann: Armenische Grammatik (1897) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
