Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. stel- 'to put, place'
Semantic Field(s): to Put, Place, Set, Lay
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | apostol | n.masc | apostle | W7 |
ge-steald | n.str.neut | dwelling | GED | |
hæg(e)-steald, heh-steald | n.str.neut | youth, bachelor, servant | ASD/GED | |
hagu-steald, hago-steald | n.str.neut | youth, bachelor, servant | ASD/GED | |
stealc | adj | lofty | W7 | |
stealdan | vb.str.VII | to have, possess | GED/IEW | |
steall | n.masc | stall, place, (standing) position | ASD/IEW | |
stellan, stillan | vb | to set, place | ASD/IEW | |
stole | n.fem | stole | W7 | |
Middle English: | apostel, apostle | n | apostle | MEV/W7 |
epistle | n | epistle | W7 | |
forstall | n | act of waylaying | W7 | |
stale | adj | stale | W7 | |
stalke | n | stalk | W7 | |
stall | n | stall | W7 | |
stallion | n | stallion | W7 | |
stille | adj | still | W7 | |
stilte | n | stilt | W7 | |
stole | n | stole | W7 | |
stout | adj | stout | W7 | |
English: | apostle | n | one sent (on mission) | AHD/W7 |
collocate | vb | to put in place | TLL | |
couch | n | long cushioned seating | TLL | |
diastole | n | rhythmically recurrent expansion | AHD/W7 | |
epistle | n | letter (in New Testament) | AHD/W7 | |
gestalt | n | integration of physical/biological/psychological phenomena | AHD/W7 | |
install | vb.trans | to put/set in place | AHD/W7 | |
installment | n | periodic part in which debt is paid | AHD/W7 | |
local | adj | re: (nearby) locale/position | W7 | |
locale | n | site, place, scene | W7 | |
locate | vb | to place, settle, establish site/limits | W7 | |
locavore | n | one who prefers locally grown food | LRC | |
locus | n | locale, position | LRC | |
pedestal | n | foot/support of late classic/neoclassic column | AHD/W7 | |
peristalsis | n | successive waves of hollow muscle contraction | AHD/W7 | |
stale | adj | tasteless/unpalatable from age | AHD/W7 | |
stalk | n | main stem of herbaceous plant | AHD/W7 | |
stall | n | compartment in barn/stable | AHD/W7 | |
stallion | n | uncastrated male horse | AHD/W7 | |
stele | n | central vascular portion of vascular plant axis | AHD/W7 | |
still | adj | quiet, motionless | AHD/W7 | |
stilt | n | pole with foot-rest/strap for elevating wearer above ground | AHD/W7 | |
stole | n | robe, long loose garment | AHD/W7 | |
stolid | adj | unemotional, hard to arouse/excite | AHD/W7 | |
stollen | n | rich yeast bread with citron/raisins/chopped nuts | AHD | |
stolon | n | horizontal branch propagating from plant base | AHD/W7 | |
stout | adj | of strong character | AHD/W7 | |
stull | n | round timber for supporting sides/back of mine | AHD/W7 | |
stultify | vb.trans | to allege/prove to be of unsound mind | AHD/W7 | |
systaltic | adj | pulsing, marked by regular contraction/dilatation | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | stal(l) | n.str.masc | stall, barn, (standing) place | ASD/GED |
Middle Dutch: | stel | adj | stale | W7 |
Old Saxon: | haga-stold, hagu-stald, haga-stald | n | youth, bachelor, servant | ASD/GED |
stellian | vb | to place | IEW | |
Old High German: | hagu-stalt, haga-stalt, haga-stolt | n | youth, bachelor, servant | ASD/GED/IEW |
Hagu-stolt | prop.n | Hagustolt | GED | |
stal(l) | n.str.masc | stall, place; barn, stable, dwelling | GED/IEW | |
stellen, stellan | vb | to place | ASD/IEW | |
stelza | n | stilt | W7 | |
stilli | adj | still | W7 | |
stolz | adj | proud | W7 | |
Middle High German: | stal(l) | n.str.masc | stall, place; barn, stable, dwelling | IEW |
German: | Gestalt | n.fem | form, shape, figure, gestalt | W7 |
Hagestolz | n | youth, bachelor, servant | GED | |
Stall | n.masc | stall, sty, kennel, stable | LRC | |
stellen | vb | to place | LRC | |
Stelze | n.fem | stilt | LRC | |
still | adj | still | LRC | |
Stille | n.fem | stillness | LRC | |
Stolle | n.fem | stollen, fruit loaf | LRC | |
Stollen | n.masc | post, support | W7 | |
stolz | adj | proud | LRC | |
Bavarian: | Stollen | n.masc | stollen, fruit loaf | AHD |
North Germanic | ||||
Runic: | Hagu-stadaz | prop.n | Hagustadaz | GED |
Hagu-staldaz | prop.n | Hagustaldaz | GED | |
Hagu-staldiz | prop.n | Hagustaldiz | GED | |
Old Norse: | stallr | n.masc | stall; perch (for hawk) | LRC |
Old Icelandic: | hag-stœðr | adj | fair, favorable | GED |
hauk-staldr | n.str.masc | chieftain | GED | |
(hug-)stœðr | adj | firm, steadfast, fixed in one's mind | GED | |
stallr | n | stall, stand; crib, rack, frame | IEW | |
stāl | n.str.neut | granary | GED | |
Icelandic: | stallr | n | stall; shelf | ASD |
stola | n.fem | stole | ASD | |
Norwegian: | hog-stall | n.masc | bachelor | GED |
Danish: | stilk | n | stalk | TLL |
Swedish: | hog-stall | n.masc | bachelor | GED |
stjälk | n | stalk | TLL | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | and-stald | n.neut | additional aid/supply | GED |
*and-staldan | vb.str.VII | to supply | GED/IEW | |
ga-staldan | vb | to gain, acquire, possess | IEW | |
Italic | ||||
Old Latin: | stlocus | n.masc | locus | IEW/W7 |
Latin: | collocō, collocāre | vb | to collocate | TLL |
epistola, epistula | n.fem | letter | W7 | |
locō, locāre, locāvī, locātus | vb | to locate, arrange | LRC | |
locus, loci | n.masc | locus | W7 | |
stola | n.fem | stole | W7 | |
stolidus | adj | dull, stupid | W7 | |
stolo | n.masc | branch, sucker | W7 | |
stultus | adj | foolish | W7 | |
Late Latin: | apostolus | n.masc | apostle, messenger | W7 |
stultifico, stultificāre | vb | to make foolish | W7 | |
Middle Latin: | gastaldio, gastaldius | n | steward (of royal estates), governor (of district) | GED |
kastaldis | n | steward (of royal estates), governor (of district) | GED | |
Medieval Latin: | installo, installare | vb | to install | W7 |
stallum | n.neut | stall | W7 | |
New Latin: | peristalsis | n.fem | involuntary intestinal contractions | W7 |
Portuguese: | lugar | n | place | TLL |
Spanish: | lugar | n | place | TLL |
Old French: | apostle | n.masc | apostle, messenger | W7 |
epistle | n.fem | epistle, letter | W7 | |
estal | n | place | AHD | |
estaler | vb | to place, fix | W7 | |
Middle French: | installer | vb | to install | W7 |
piedestal | n.masc | pedestal | W7 | |
French: | lieu | n | place | TLL |
Old Italian: | piedestallo | n.masc | pedestal | W7 |
Baltic | ||||
Old Prussian: | staldis | n | stall | GED |
Lithuanian: | stal̃das | n | stall | GED |
Latvian: | stal̃lis | n | stall | GED |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | στέλλω | vb | to equip, arrange, put in order | LRC |
στήλη | n.fem | stone, pillar, monument | LRC | |
Greek: | ἀπο-στέλλω | vb | to send away | LRC |
apo-stolos | n.masc | apostle, messenger | W7 | |
δια-στέλλω | vb | to expand, give express orders | LRC | |
dia-stolē | n.fem | dilatation | W7 | |
ἐπι-στέλλω | vb | to send to | LRC | |
epi-stolē | n | message, letter | W7 | |
peri-staltikos | adj | peristaltic | W7 | |
περι-στέλλω | vb | to wrap around | LRC | |
stellein | vb | to place, install, set up | W7 | |
stolē | n.fem | stole, equipment | W7 | |
στόλος | n.masc | army | LRC | |
systaltos | adj | verbal | W7 | |
sy-stellein | vb | to contract | W7 | |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | stełn | n | branch | HH/W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
VII | = | class 7 |
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prop | = | proper |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
HH | = | Heinrich Hübschmann: Armenische Grammatik (1897) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |