Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. stē̆r- 'star'
Semantic Field(s): Star
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Breton: | sterenn | n | star | GED |
| Cornish: | sterenn | n | star | GED |
| Welsh: | seren | n | star | GED |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ǣfen-steorra | n.masc | evening-star | ASD |
| steorra | n.masc | star | GED | |
| Middle English: | asterisk | n | asterisk | AHD |
| astronomie | n | astronomy | AHD | |
| constellacioun | n | constellation | W7 | |
| even(e)-sterre | n | evening-star | OED | |
| sterre | n | star | W7 | |
| English: | aster | n | leafy-stemmed composite herb | AHD/W7 |
| asteriated | adj | star-shaped | AHD/W7 | |
| asterisk | n | '*' [used in writing as reference/omission mark] | AHD/W7 | |
| asterism | n | constellation, small star group | AHD/W7 | |
| asteroid | n | sub-planetary solar satellite | AHD/W7 | |
| astral | adj | re: stars | AHD/W7 | |
| astraphobia | n | fear of thunder/lightning | AHD | |
| astr(o)- | pfx | star, heavens | AHD/W7 | |
| astrobleme | n | meteor/comet impact pit/crater | AHD | |
| astrogate | vb | to navigate in space | W7 | |
| astronaut | n | one who works/travels in space | AHD | |
| astronomer | n | one who studies stars/planets/galaxies | AHD | |
| astronomy | n | science of celestial bodies | AHD/W7 | |
| constellation | n | configuration of stars | AHD/W7 | |
| disaster | n | unfavorable stellar/planetary aspect | AHD/W7 | |
| evening-star | n | Venus seen at/after sunset | W7 | |
| Evenstar | prop.n | Arwen's epithet in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| star | n | luminous natural body visible in sky | AHD/W7 | |
| stellar | adj | astral, re: star(s) | AHD/W7 | |
| stellate | adj | star-shaped, radiating from center | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | stēra | n | star | GED |
| Dutch: | ster | n | star | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | sterro | n.masc | star | GED |
| Middle Low German: | sterne | n.masc | star | GED |
| Old High German: | stern | n.masc | star | GED |
| sterno | n.masc | star | GED | |
| sterro | n.masc | star | GED | |
| German: | Stern | n.masc | star | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | stjarna | n.fem | star | GED |
| Icelandic: | stjarna | n.fem | star | ASD |
| Danish: | stjerne | n | star | TLL |
| Swedish: | stjärna | n | star | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *stairno | n.fem | star | GED |
| Crimean Gothic: | *stern, stein | n | star | CGo/GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | aster | n.masc | star | W7 |
| astronomia, astronomiae | n.fem | astronomy | LRC | |
| astrum | n.neut | star | W7 | |
| stēlla | n.fem | star | GED | |
| Late Latin: | asteriscus | n.masc | little star | W7 |
| astralis | adj | re: stars | W7 | |
| constellatio | n.fem | ensemble of stars | W7 | |
| constellatus | vb.ptc | studded with stars | W7 | |
| stellaris | adj | re: stars | W7 | |
| Old French: | astronomie | n | astronomy | AHD |
| Middle French: | constellation | n.fem | ensemble of stars | W7 |
| desastre | n.masc | disaster | W7 | |
| disaster | n.masc | disaster | W7 | |
| Old Italian: | disastro | n.masc | disaster | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ἀστερόεις | adj | starred, starry, star-like | LRC |
| ἀστήρ | n.masc | star | GED | |
| ἄστρον | n.neut | star, constellation | LRC | |
| Greek: | asterizein | vb | to arrange in constellations | W7 |
| ἀστέριος | adj | starry | CDC | |
| ἀστερίσκος | n.masc.dim | asterisk, little star | CDC | |
| ἀστερισμός | n.masc | asterism, marking with stars | CDC/W7 | |
| ἀστεροειδής | adj | star-like | CDC | |
| astrapē | n | lightning | AHD | |
| astronomia | n | astronomy | AHD | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | haster- | n | star | GED |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | astł | n | star | GED |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | stārəm | n.acc.sg | star | GED |
| stārō | n.nom.pl | stars | GED | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | tā́ras | n.nom.pl | stars | GED |
| stár- | n | star | GED | |
| stŕ̥bhiṣ | n.inst.pl | stars | GED | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | ścirye | n.pl | stars | GED |
| Tocharian A: | śre-ñ | n.pl | stars | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| acc | = | accusative (case) |
| adj | = | adjective |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| inst | = | instrumental (case) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| nom | = | nominative (case) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |