Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 5. ster-, sterə- : strē-, steru- : streu- 'to strew, scatter, spread out'
Semantic Field(s): to Strew, Spread Out
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Scots Gaelic: | srath | n.masc | valley | W7 |
| Old Breton: | strovis | vb.1.sg | I have spread out | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | strǣt | n.fem | street, road | W7 |
| strand | n.neut | strand | ASD | |
| strē(a)w, strēow, strēu | n.neut | straw, hay | ASD/RPN | |
| strēon | n.neut | gain, treasure, acquisition | W7 | |
| strē(o)wian, strēawian | vb.wk | to strew, scatter | ASD/RPN | |
| Middle English: | destroyen | vb | to destroy | W7 |
| instructen | vb | to instruct | W7 | |
| instrument | n | instrument | W7 | |
| prostrat | adj | prostrate | W7 | |
| straien | vb | to stray | W7 | |
| strand | n | strand | W7 | |
| straw | n | straw | W7 | |
| stray | n | stray | W7 | |
| streen | n | strain | W7 | |
| strete | n | street | W7 | |
| strewen | vb | to strew | W7 | |
| strowen | vb | to strew | W7 | |
| structure | n | structure | W7 | |
| English: | bremsstrahlung | n | (form of) electromagnetic radiation | AHD/W7 |
| consternate | vb | to dismay, terrify, throw into confusion | AHD/CDC | |
| consternation | n | terror, astonishment, paralyzing dismay | AHD/CDC | |
| construct | vb.trans | to make/form by combining parts | AHD/W7 | |
| destroy | vb | to ruin, demolish | AHD/W7 | |
| estray | vb.intrans | to stray | AHD/W7 | |
| industry | n | diligence in pursuit/employment | AHD/W7 | |
| instruct | vb.trans | to teach, give knowledge to | AHD/W7 | |
| instrument | n | means of achievement/performance | AHD/W7 | |
| Langstrand | prop.n | Gondor coast in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| obstruct | vb.trans | to block/close up (via obstacle) | AHD/W7 | |
| perestroika | n | mid-1980's restructuring of Soviet economy/bureaucracy | AHD | |
| prostrate | adj | stretched out (face on ground) | AHD/W7 | |
| sternocleidomastoid | n | neck muscle that rotates head | AHD | |
| sternum | n | compound ventral bone/cartilage | AHD/W7 | |
| strain | n | lineage, progeny, ancestry | AHD/W7 | |
| strand | n | shore, beach, land bordering water body | W7 | |
| strath | n | (low-lying grassland along) flat wide river valley | AHD/W7 | |
| stratocracy | n | government based on army/military | AHD/W7 | |
| stratus | n | cloud form wider/lower than cumulostratus/cirrostratus | AHD/W7 | |
| straw | n | grain stalks after threshing | AHD/W7 | |
| Strawheads | prop.n.pl | Rohirrim a.k.a. Forgoil in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| stray | n | domestic animal lost/wandering at large | AHD/W7 | |
| stray | vb.intrans | to roam, wander from company/restraint/proper limits | AHD/W7 | |
| street | n | wider thoroughfare than alley/lane in village/town/city | AHD/W7 | |
| streusel | n | crumbly pastry topping | AHD | |
| strew | vb.trans | to spread by scattering | AHD/W7 | |
| stroma | n | supporting framework of animal organ | AHD/W7 | |
| stromatolite | n | sedimentary structure of laminated carbonate/silicate rock | AHD | |
| structure | n | construction, action of building | AHD/W7 | |
| substratum | n | foundation, underlying support | AHD/W7 | |
| substruction | n | substructure, underlying/supporting part of fabrication | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | strē | n | straw | ASD |
| strēte | n | street, road | ASD | |
| strewa | vb | to strew | ASD | |
| Old Dutch: | strande | n.neut | strand | ASD |
| Dutch: | strand | n | strand | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | strāta | n | street, road | ASD |
| strōedun, streidun | vb | to strew | ASD | |
| Old Low German: | streidin | vb | to strew | ASD |
| strō | n | straw | ASD | |
| Old High German: | gistriuni | n | gain | W7 |
| stirna | n | forehead | W7 | |
| strāza | n | street | W7 | |
| stre(u)wen | vb | to strew, sprinkle | RPN | |
| strō, strao | n | straw | ASD/W7 | |
| strouwen | vb | to strew, sprinkle | RPN | |
| Middle High German: | strant | n.masc | strand | ASD |
| strousel | n | something strewn | AHD | |
| German: | Bremsstrahlung | n.fem | bremsstrahlung | W7 |
| Stirn | n.fem | forehead | LRC | |
| Strand | n.masc | strand | ASD | |
| Strasse | n.fem | street | LRC | |
| streuen | vb | to strew | LRC | |
| Streusel | n.masc/neut | dust, litter; sprinkling, streusel | AHD | |
| Stroh | n.neut | straw | LRC | |
| Strohhalm | n.neut | drinking straw | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | strönd | n | strand | W7 |
| Old Icelandic: | strá | vb | to strew, cover with (straw) | RPN |
| Icelandic: | strá | n | straw | ASD |
| strá | vb | to strew | ASD | |
| strönd | n.fem | strand | ASD | |
| Danish: | strand | n | strand | TLL |
| stræde | n | lane | TLL | |
| Swedish: | strand | n | strand, bank | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | straujan | vb | to strew, spread out | RPN |
| Italic | ||||
| Old Latin: | indostruus | adj | diligent | W7 |
| -struus | afx | built, instituted | W7 | |
| Latin: | constructus | vb.ptc | built | W7 |
| construo, construere | vb | to build, construct | W7 | |
| destruo, destruere | vb | to destroy, tear down | W7 | |
| industria | n.fem | diligence | W7 | |
| industrius | adj | diligent | W7 | |
| instructus, instructa, instructum | adj/vb.ptc | ready, arranged, built in | LRC | |
| instrumentum | n.neut | instrument | W7 | |
| instruo, instruere | vb | to arrange, build up; equip, instruct | W7 | |
| obstructus | vb.ptc | obstructed | W7 | |
| obstruo, obstruere | vb | to obstruct | W7 | |
| prosterno, prosternere | vb | to bow down, throw down | W7 | |
| prostratus | vb.ptc | spread out, thrown down | W7 | |
| sterno, sternere | vb | to spread/stretch out | RPN | |
| stratus | vb.ptc | spread out | W7 | |
| stroma | n.neut | bed covering | W7 | |
| structura | n.fem | structure | W7 | |
| structus | vb.ptc | built | W7 | |
| struēs | n | heap | RPN | |
| struo, struere | vb | to build, pile up, put together | RPN | |
| substerno, substernere | vb | to spread under | W7 | |
| substratus | vb.ptc | built under | W7 | |
| substructio, substructionis | n.fem | construction under | W7 | |
| substructus | vb.ptc | built under | W7 | |
| substruo, substruere | vb | to build beneath | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | destrugere | vb | to destroy | W7 |
| extrago, extragāre | vb | to wander outside | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | strata | n.fem | street, paved road | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | substratum | n.neut | substratum | W7 |
| New Latin: | sternum | n.neut | breastbone | W7 |
| stratus | vb.ptc | spreaded | W7 | |
| Old French: | destruire | vb | to destroy | W7 |
| estraié | vb.ptc | stray | W7 | |
| estraier | vb | to stray, wander | W7 | |
| Middle French: | industrie | n.fem | (employment involving) skill | W7 |
| Italian: | strada | n | street | TLL |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | pro-stьrǫ, pro-strěti | vb | to stretch | RPN |
| strana | n.fem | area, region, country; (pl) heathen | LRC | |
| stranьnъ | adj | strange, foreign | LRC | |
| stroiti, strojǫ, stroiši | vb | to prepare, arrange | LRC | |
| Old Russian: | strojĭ | n | order | AHD |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | shtrij | vb | to spread out | RPN |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | στέρνον | n.neut | chest, breast(bone) | LRC |
| στορέννῡμι | vb | to strew, spread, lay (a bed) | RPN | |
| στρατόομαι | vb | to be encamped, take the field | LRC | |
| στρατός | n.masc | host, army | LRC | |
| στρώννῡμι | vb | to strew, spread, lay (a bed) | RPN | |
| Greek: | stornynai | vb | to spread out | W7 |
| στρατεία | n.fem | expedition | LRC | |
| στρατεύω | vb | to attack, take the field | LRC | |
| στρατηγός | n.masc | general | LRC | |
| στρατία | n.fem | host | LRC | |
| στρατιώτης | n.masc | soldier | LRC | |
| strōma | n.neut | bed covering | W7 | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | stərənāti | vb | to stretch, spread, extend | RPN |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | stīrṇá-ḥ | vb.past.pass.ptc | spread, strewn, scattered | RPN |
| stṛṇā́ti | vb | to strew, scatter, spread out | RPN | |
| stṛṇóti | vb | to strew, scatter, spread out | RPN | |
| stṛtá-ḥ | vb.past.pass.ptc | bestrewn, covered | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | = | 1st person |
| adj | = | adjective |
| afx | = | affix |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pass | = | passive (voice) |
| past | = | past (tense) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
