Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: sū̆-s, suu̯-ós 'pig, sow, swine'
Semantic Field(s): Pig, Sow, Swine
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Middle Irish: | soc | n | plowshare, lit. hog-snout | W7 |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hogg | n | hog | W7 |
| mere-swīn | n.neut | dolphin, porpoise, lit. sea-pig | ASD | |
| sugu, sū | n.fem | sow | ASD/W7 | |
| swīn | n.neut | swine | W7 | |
| Middle English: | hogge | n | hog | W7 |
| soilen | vb | to soil | W7 | |
| soket | n | socket | W7 | |
| sowe | n | sow | W7 | |
| swine | n | swine | W7 | |
| English: | hog | n | domestic swine | AHD/W7 |
| Hyades | prop.n | (star cluster named for) daughters of Atlas: sisters of the Pleiades (Greek mythology) | LRC | |
| hyena | n | nocturnal Old World carnivorous mammal | AHD/W7 | |
| hyoscine | n | scopolamine | AHD | |
| keelson | n | longitudinal structure fastened atop ship's keel | AHD/W7 | |
| socket | n | hollow/opening that holds something | AHD/W7 | |
| soil | vb | to pollute, corrupt, stain/defile morally | AHD/W7 | |
| sow | n | adult female swine | AHD/W7 | |
| swine | n | pig: stout-bodied omnivorous mammal | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | swīn | n.neut | swine | ASD |
| Dutch: | zog | n | sow | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | swīn | n.neut | swine | ASD |
| Old High German: | sū | n | sow | W7 |
| swīn | n.neut | swine | ASD/W7 | |
| German: | Sau | n.fem | sow | LRC |
| Schwein | n.neut | swine | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | svín | n.neut | swine | ASD |
| sȳr | n | sow | ASD | |
| Danish: | so | n | sow | ASD |
| svin | n | swine | TLL | |
| Swedish: | kölsvin | n | keelson | W7 |
| sugga | n | sow | ASD | |
| svin | n | swine | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | swein | n.neut | swine | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | Hyades | prop.n.fem.pl | Hyades (group of stars) | W7 |
| hyaena | n.fem | hyena | W7 | |
| suile | n.neut | pig barn | W7 | |
| sus | n.masc | hog, swine | W7 | |
| Old French: | soil | n.masc | pig-sty | W7 |
| soiller | vb | to soil, wallow | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | soket | n.masc | little plowshare | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | σῦς, ὗς | n.masc | hog, swine | LRC |
| Greek: | hyaina | n.fem | hyena | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |