Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: sū-ro-, sou-ro- 'sour, bitter, salty; cheese'
Semantic Field(s): Sour, Acidic, Bitter, Salty, Cheese
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | sūr | adj | sour | W7 |
| Middle English: | sorel | n | sorrel | W7 |
| sour | adj | sour | W7 | |
| English: | choucroute | n | Alsatian sauerkraut dish | AHD |
| sauerbraten | n | roasted marinated beef | AHD/W7 | |
| sauerkraut | n | cabbage cut fine/fermented in brine | AHD/W7 | |
| Sauron | prop.n | evil being in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| sorrel | n | plant with sour juice | AHD/W7 | |
| sour | adj | re: acidic taste | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | sūr | adj | sour | W7 |
| German: | sauer | adj | sour | W7 |
| Sauerampfer | n.masc | sorrel | LRC | |
| Sauerbraten | n.masc | sauerbraten, lit. sour roast | W7 | |
| Sauerkraut | n.neut | sauerkraut, lit. sour cabbage | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | saurr | n.masc | mud, dirt, filth, dung, excrement | ICE |
| Old Icelandic: | súrr | adj | sour, acidic | ICE |
| Icelandic: | súrr | adj | sour | ASD |
| Swedish: | skör-agtig | adj | lewd | ICE |
| Italic | ||||
| Old French: | sur(ele) | adj | sour | AHD/W7 |
| Middle French: | surele | adj | sour | W7 |
| French: | sur | adj | sour | LRC |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | surus | adj | salty | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| ICE | = | Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
