Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Pokorny Etymon: sū-ro-, sou-ro-   'sour, bitter, salty; cheese'

Semantic Field(s): Sour, Acidic, Bitter, Salty, Cheese

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
English  
Old English: sūr adj sour W7
Middle English: sorel n sorrel W7
sour adj sour W7
English: choucroute n Alsatian sauerkraut dish AHD
sauerbraten n roasted marinated beef AHD/W7
sauerkraut n cabbage cut fine/fermented in brine AHD/W7
Sauron prop.n evil being in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings LRC
sorrel n plant with sour juice AHD/W7
sour adj re: acidic taste AHD/W7
West Germanic  
Old High German: sūr adj sour W7
German: sauer adj sour W7
Sauerampfer n.masc sorrel LRC
Sauerbraten n.masc sauerbraten, lit. sour roast W7
Sauerkraut n.neut sauerkraut, lit. sour cabbage W7
North Germanic  
Old Norse: saurr n.masc mud, dirt, filth, dung, excrement ICE
Old Icelandic: súrr adj sour, acidic ICE
Icelandic: súrr adj sour ASD
Swedish: skör-agtig adj lewd ICE
Italic  
Old French: sur(ele) adj sour AHD/W7
Middle French: surele adj sour W7
French: sur adj sour LRC
Baltic  
Lithuanian: surus adj salty W7

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
adj=adjective
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
neut=neuter (gender)
prop=proper

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD=Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
ICE=Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874)
LRC=Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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