Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: su̯em- 'to swim, move'
Semantic Field(s): to Swim, to Move
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | sund | n.neut | sound, sea; swimming | LRC |
| sundlīne | n.fem | sounding line | W7 | |
| swimman, swamm, swummon, swummen | vb.str | to swim | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | sound | n | sound | W7 |
| sounden | vb | to sound | W7 | |
| swimmen | vb | to swim | W7 | |
| English: | radiosonde | n | instrument aloft gathering/transmitting meteorological data | AHD |
| rocketsonde | n | meteorological instrument transported aloft by rocket | AHD | |
| sound | n | long broad inlet of sea/ocean | AHD/W7 | |
| sound | vb | to fathom, measure depth of | AHD/W7 | |
| swim, swam, swum | vb.str | to move oneself in water | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | swimman | vb | to swim | W7 |
| German: | schwimmen | vb | to swim | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | sund | n | sound, strait; swimming | W7 |
| Icelandic: | sund | n | sound; swimming | ASD |
| svimma | vb | to swim | ASD | |
| Danish: | sund | n | sound, strait | ASD |
| Swedish: | sund | n | sound, strait | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Middle French: | sonder | vb | to sound, drag | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
