Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: su̯en- 'to sound, resound'
Semantic Field(s): Sound (n)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | swinn | n.masc | sound, melody | W7 |
| Middle English: | consonant | adj/n | consonant | W7 |
| resounen | vb | to resound | W7 | |
| soun | n | sound | W7 | |
| swan | n | swan | W7 | |
| English: | assonance | n | resemblance of sound | AHD/W7 |
| consonant | adj | being in harmony/agreement | AHD/W7 | |
| consonant | n | speech sound involving closure/constriction of vocal tract | AHD/W7 | |
| dissonant | adj | discordant, marked by disagreement | AHD/W7 | |
| resound | vb | to reverberate, become filled with sound | AHD/W7 | |
| sonant | adj | voiced | AHD/W7 | |
| sonata | n | instrumental music with movements in contrasting keys/forms | AHD/W7 | |
| sone | n | subjective unit of loudness | AHD/W7 | |
| sonic | adj | re: sound within audible frequency range | AHD/W7 | |
| sonnet | n | verse form of 14 lines | AHD/W7 | |
| sonorous | adj | producing sound | AHD/W7 | |
| sound | n | sensation perceived by sense of hearing | AHD/W7 | |
| sound | vb | to make/emit sound | W7 | |
| swan | n | long-necked white aquatic bird | AHD/W7 | |
| unison | n | identity in musical pitch | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle High German: | swan | n | swan | W7 |
| German: | Schwan | n.masc | swan | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | assono, assonare | vb | to answer with same sound | W7 |
| consonans, consonantis | adj/vb.ptc | consonant, harmonious | W7 | |
| consono, consonare | vb | to agree, lit. sound together | W7 | |
| dissonans, dissonantis | adj/vb.ptc | dissonant | W7 | |
| dissono, dissonare | vb | to be discordant | W7 | |
| resono, resonāre | vb | to resound | W7 | |
| sonans, sonantis | vb.pres.ptc | sounding | W7 | |
| sonitus, sonitus | n.masc | sound | LRC | |
| sonō, sonāre, sonuī, sonitus | vb | to sound, pronounce | LRC | |
| sonorus | adj | loud, sonorous | W7 | |
| sonus | n.masc | sound | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | unisonus | adj | having the same sound | W7 |
| Portuguese: | assonancia | n | assonance | CDC |
| Spanish: | asonancia | n | assonance | CDC |
| Old French: | son | n.masc | sound | W7 |
| Middle French: | dissonant | adj | dissonant | W7 |
| resoner | vb | to resound | W7 | |
| unison | n.fem | unison | W7 | |
| French: | assonance | n.fem | assonance | W7 |
| sonnet | n | sonnet | TLL | |
| Old Provençal: | son | n.masc | sound, song | W7 |
| sonet | n.masc.dim | sonnet, little song | W7 | |
| Italian: | sonare | vb | to sound | W7 |
| sonata | n.fem | sonata | W7 | |
| sonetto | n.masc.dim | sonnet | W7 | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | svanati | vb | to sound | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pres | = | present (tense) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |