Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: tag-, or teg- : tog- : teg- 'to grip, seize, touch'
Semantic Field(s): to Grasp, Seize, Take Hold of, to Touch
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | þaccian | vb | to pat, stroke, touch gently | RPN |
| Middle English: | atteynen, at(t)ainen, at(t)einen | vb | to attain | CDC/W7 |
| entire | adj | entire | W7 | |
| intacte | adj | intact | W7 | |
| taske | n | task | W7 | |
| tasten | vb | to taste, touch, test | W7 | |
| taxen | vb | to tax, assess, estimate | W7 | |
| English: | attain | vb | to achieve, accomplish | AHD/W7 |
| contact | n | union/junction of surfaces | AHD/W7 | |
| contaminate | vb.trans | to soil/stain/infect by contact/association | AHD/W7 | |
| entire | adj | having no part/element left out | AHD/W7 | |
| intact | adj | entire, untouched, uninjured | AHD/W7 | |
| integer | n | natural number (0, 1, 2...) | AHD/W7 | |
| integrate | vb | to unite, form into whole | AHD/W7 | |
| integrity | n | soundness, unimpaired condition | AHD/W7 | |
| tact | n | sensitive mental/aesthetic perception | AHD/W7 | |
| tactoreceptor | n | receptor responding to touch | AHD | |
| tangent | adj | meeting/touching at a point | AHD/W7 | |
| tangent | n | ratio of opposite to adjacent sides (trigonometry) | AHD/W7 | |
| tangible | adj | palpable, perceptible by touch | AHD/W7 | |
| tangoreceptor | n | cutaneous receptor responding to touch/pressure | AHD | |
| task | n | assigned piece of work | AHD/W7 | |
| taste | vb | to undergo, experience | AHD/W7 | |
| tax | vb.trans | to assess/determine amount of (judicially) | AHD/W7 | |
| Italic | ||||
| Old Latin: | tagō | vb | to touch | RPN |
| Latin: | attingo, attingere | vb | to touch | W7 |
| contactus | vb.ptc | having touched | W7 | |
| contagio | n.fem | contagion | W7 | |
| contaminatus | vb.ptc | contaminated, dirtied | W7 | |
| contamino, contamināre | vb | to dirty, mix together | W7 | |
| contingo, contingere | vb | to touch, concern, happen | W7 | |
| intactus | vb.ptc | untouched, unbroken | W7 | |
| integer | adj | untouched, unharmed | W7 | |
| integratus | vb.ptc | integrated | W7 | |
| integro, integrare | vb | to integrate | W7 | |
| tactus | vb.ptc | touched | W7 | |
| tangens, tangentis | vb.pres.ptc | touching, tangent | W7 | |
| tango, tangere | vb | to touch, strike, push | RPN | |
| taxo, taxare | vb | to touch | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | attango, attangere | vb | to touch | W7 |
| taxito, taxitāre | vb | to touch | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | tangibilis | adj | touchable | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | tasca | n.fem | tax/service imposed by feudal superior | W7 |
| taxo, taxare | vb | to tax | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | inteiro | adj | entire | TLL |
| Spanish: | entero | adj | entire | TLL |
| Old French: | ataindre, atteindre | vb | to reach, attain | CDC/W7 |
| taster | vb | to taste, try | W7 | |
| Old North French: | tasque | n.fem | task | W7 |
| Middle French: | ataint | vb.ptc | attained | W7 |
| entir | adj | entire | W7 | |
| taxer | vb | to tax | W7 | |
| French: | atteindre | vb | to attain | CDC |
| contact | n.masc | contact | W7 | |
| entier | adj | entire | TLL | |
| tact | n.masc | tact, sense of touch, delicateness, consideration | W7 | |
| Old Occitan: | ateigner, atenher | vb | to attain | CDC |
| Italian: | attignere, attingere | vb | to attain | CDC |
| intero | adj | entire | TLL | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | τεταγών | vb.act.perf.ptc | having seized | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| act | = | active (voice) |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| perf | = | perfect (aspect) |
| pres | = | present (tense) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
