Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. tel-, telə-, tlē(i)-, tlā- 'to bear, carry; weigh, lift up'
Semantic Field(s): to Bear, Carry, to Lift, Raise
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Middle Irish: | tláith | adj | tender, weak | RPN |
tlenaim | vb | to take away, carry off | RPN | |
tulach | n | hill | RPN | |
Welsh: | tlawd | adj | poor | RPN |
English | ||||
Old English: | talente | n.fem | talent | W7 |
þolian, þolade, þolad | vb.wk.II | to thole, hold out | LRC | |
Middle English: | extollen | vb | to extol | W7 |
prelat | n | prelate | W7 | |
superlatif | adj | superlative | W7 | |
talent | n | talent (weight) | W7 | |
tholen | vb | to thole | W7 | |
toll | n | toll | W7 | |
English: | ablate | vb | to remove (e.g. by cutting/melting/eroding) | W7 |
ablation | n | removal (e.g. by surgery) | AHD/W7 | |
ablative | adj | (grammatical case) re: cause/source etc. | AHD/W7 | |
allative | adj | (grammatical case) re: motion toward | AHD | |
collate | vb | to examine critically, bring together and compare | AHD/CDC | |
dilatory | adj | tending/intended to cause delay | AHD/W7 | |
elate | vb.trans | to fill with joy/pride | AHD/W7 | |
elative | adj | comparative/superlative, re: superiority | AHD | |
extol | vb.trans | to glorify, praise highly | AHD/W7 | |
illation | n | inference, conclusion, act of inferring | AHD/W7 | |
illative | adj | re: illation | AHD | |
legislator | n | one who makes laws for political unit | AHD/W7 | |
oblate | adj | flattened/depressed at poles | AHD/W7 | |
philately | n | study/collection of postage stamps | AHD/W7 | |
prelate | n | ecclesiastic of superior rank | AHD/W7 | |
prolate | adj | extended | AHD/W7 | |
relate | vb | to tell, give account | AHD/W7 | |
retaliate | vb | to repay (e.g. injury) in kind | AHD/W7 | |
sublate | vb.trans | to deny, negate | AHD/W7 | |
superlative | adj | re: grammatical comparison denoting extreme/unsurpassed level/extent | AHD/W7 | |
talent | n | ancient unit of weight | AHD/W7 | |
talion | n | punishment identical to offense | AHD | |
tantalize | vb | to tease/torment by frustrating induced expectation | AHD/CDC | |
telamon | n | male figure used as supporting column/pilaster | AHD/W7 | |
thole | vb | to bear, suffer, endure | W7 | |
tola | n | unit of weight (India) | AHD/W7 | |
tolerate | vb.trans | to endure/resist without grave/lasting injury | AHD/W7 | |
toll | n | tax/fee paid for liberty/privilege | AHD/W7 | |
translate | vb | to carry, transfer; transform, change from one form/state/appearance/place to another | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | tholia | vb | to thole | ASD |
Old Saxon: | tholian, tholōn | vb | to thole, hold out | ASD |
Old Low German: | tholōn | vb | to thole; check, allow, support | ASD |
Old High German: | dolēn, dolōn | vb | to thole; allow, support | ASD |
talenta | n.fem.str | talent | ASD | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | tollr | n | toll | W7 |
Old Icelandic: | þola | vb | to thole | RPN |
Icelandic: | þola | vb | to thole | ASD |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | þulan | vb.wk.III | to thole, tolerate | LRC |
Italic | ||||
Old Latin: | tulō | vb | to bear, carry | RPN |
Latin: | ablātivus | adj | ablative | AHD |
ablātus | vb.ptc | ablated, carried away | AHD | |
elatus | vb.ptc | elevated, carried out | W7 | |
extollo, extollere | vb | to exalt, lift out | W7 | |
illatio | n.fem | action of bringing in | W7 | |
illatus | vb.ptc | brought in | W7 | |
lator | n.masc | proposer | W7 | |
lātus | vb.supp.ptc | borne, carried | LRC | |
praelatus | vb.supp.ptc | preferred, put before | W7 | |
prolatus | vb.supp.ptc | brought forward | W7 | |
relatus | vb.supp.ptc | brought back | W7 | |
sublatus | vb.supp.ptc | taken away, lifted up | W7 | |
superlatus | vb.supp.ptc | raised high | W7 | |
talentum | n.neut | unit of weight/money | W7 | |
Telamon | prop.n.masc | Telamon | W7 | |
(te)tulī | vb.pret | bore, carried | LRC | |
toleratus | vb.ptc | tolerated | W7 | |
tolerō, tolerāre | vb | to bear, endure, sustain | RPN | |
tollō, tollere, tulī, lātum | vb | to raise, lift up, carry away | RPN | |
translatus | vb.supp.ptc | translated, carried across | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | tolonium | n.neut | custom-house | W7 |
Late Latin: | dilatorius | adj | causing delay | W7 |
illatio, illationis | n.fem | act of inferring | W7 | |
retaliatus | vb.ptc | repaid, retaliated | W7 | |
retalio, retaliāre | vb | to repay | W7 | |
superlativus | adj | superlative | W7 | |
talio | n.masc | legal retaliation | W7 | |
telonium | n.neut | custom-house | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | praelatus | n.masc | one receiving preference | W7 |
New Latin: | oblātus | vb.supp.ptc | oblate | W7 |
prolātus | vb.supp.ptc | prolate | W7 | |
Old French: | prelat | n.masc | prelate | W7 |
Middle French: | superlatif | adj | superlative | W7 |
French: | philatélie | n.fem | philately | W7 |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | ἀνατολή | n.fem | east | LRC |
ἀτέλεια | n.fem | tax exemption | LRC | |
ἀτελής | adj | free from tax/tribute | LRC | |
τάλαντον | n.neut | scale, balance, unit of weight/money | RPN | |
τελᾰμών | n.masc | bearer, supporter; carrying-strap | LS | |
τελέω | vb | to fulfill, complete, execute | LRC | |
τέλος | n.neut | tax; end, completion, fulfillment | LRC | |
τελώνης | n.masc | tax/toll-collector | LRC | |
τελώνιον | n.neut | toll/custom-house | LRC | |
τλήμων | adj | patient, enduring, suffering | LRC | |
τλῆναι | vb | to bear, endure, suffer | RPN | |
τόλμᾰ | n.fem | courage, boldness | LRC | |
τύλη | n.fem | callous lump | RPN | |
τύλος | n.masc | knob, knot, callus | RPN | |
Iranian | ||||
Kashmiri: | tul | n | weight, balance | RPN |
tulun | vb | to lift | RPN | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | tulayati | vb | to raise, lift up, weigh | RPN |
tulā́ | n | scale, balance | RPN | |
tulā | n | weight | W7 | |
Bengali: | tulā | vb | to raise, weigh | RPN |
tul | n | scale, balance | RPN | |
Hindi: | tolā | n | unit of weight (India) | W7 |
Tocharian | ||||
Tocharian B: | täl- | vb | to lift, raise; acquire | RPN |
talle | n | load, burden | RPN | |
Tocharian A: | täl- | vb | to lift, raise | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
II | = | class 2 |
III | = | class 3 |
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pret | = | preterite (tense) |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
supp | = | suppletive (form) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |