Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. tel-, telə-, tlē(i)-, tlā- 'to bear, carry; weigh, lift up'
Semantic Field(s): to Bear, Carry, to Lift, Raise
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Middle Irish: | tláith | adj | tender, weak | RPN |
| tlenaim | vb | to take away, carry off | RPN | |
| tulach | n | hill | RPN | |
| Welsh: | tlawd | adj | poor | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | talente | n.fem | talent | W7 |
| þolian, þolade, þolad | vb.wk.II | to thole, hold out | LRC | |
| Middle English: | extollen | vb | to extol | W7 |
| prelat | n | prelate | W7 | |
| superlatif | adj | superlative | W7 | |
| talent | n | talent (weight) | W7 | |
| tholen | vb | to thole | W7 | |
| toll | n | toll | W7 | |
| English: | ablate | vb | to remove (e.g. by cutting/melting/eroding) | W7 |
| ablation | n | removal (e.g. by surgery) | AHD/W7 | |
| ablative | adj | (grammatical case) re: cause/source etc. | AHD/W7 | |
| allative | adj | (grammatical case) re: motion toward | AHD | |
| collate | vb | to examine critically, bring together and compare | AHD/CDC | |
| dilatory | adj | tending/intended to cause delay | AHD/W7 | |
| elate | vb.trans | to fill with joy/pride | AHD/W7 | |
| elative | adj | comparative/superlative, re: superiority | AHD | |
| extol | vb.trans | to glorify, praise highly | AHD/W7 | |
| illation | n | inference, conclusion, act of inferring | AHD/W7 | |
| illative | adj | re: illation | AHD | |
| legislator | n | one who makes laws for political unit | AHD/W7 | |
| oblate | adj | flattened/depressed at poles | AHD/W7 | |
| philately | n | study/collection of postage stamps | AHD/W7 | |
| prelate | n | ecclesiastic of superior rank | AHD/W7 | |
| prolate | adj | extended | AHD/W7 | |
| relate | vb | to tell, give account | AHD/W7 | |
| retaliate | vb | to repay (e.g. injury) in kind | AHD/W7 | |
| sublate | vb.trans | to deny, negate | AHD/W7 | |
| superlative | adj | re: grammatical comparison denoting extreme/unsurpassed level/extent | AHD/W7 | |
| talent | n | ancient unit of weight | AHD/W7 | |
| talion | n | punishment identical to offense | AHD | |
| tantalize | vb | to tease/torment by frustrating induced expectation | AHD/CDC | |
| telamon | n | male figure used as supporting column/pilaster | AHD/W7 | |
| thole | vb | to bear, suffer, endure | W7 | |
| tola | n | unit of weight (India) | AHD/W7 | |
| tolerate | vb.trans | to endure/resist without grave/lasting injury | AHD/W7 | |
| toll | n | tax/fee paid for liberty/privilege | AHD/W7 | |
| translate | vb | to carry, transfer; transform, change from one form/state/appearance/place to another | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | tholia | vb | to thole | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | tholian, tholōn | vb | to thole, hold out | ASD |
| Old Low German: | tholōn | vb | to thole; check, allow, support | ASD |
| Old High German: | dolēn, dolōn | vb | to thole; allow, support | ASD |
| talenta | n.fem.str | talent | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | tollr | n | toll | W7 |
| Old Icelandic: | þola | vb | to thole | RPN |
| Icelandic: | þola | vb | to thole | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | þulan | vb.wk.III | to thole, tolerate | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Old Latin: | tulō | vb | to bear, carry | RPN |
| Latin: | ablātivus | adj | ablative | AHD |
| ablātus | vb.ptc | ablated, carried away | AHD | |
| elatus | vb.ptc | elevated, carried out | W7 | |
| extollo, extollere | vb | to exalt, lift out | W7 | |
| illatio | n.fem | action of bringing in | W7 | |
| illatus | vb.ptc | brought in | W7 | |
| lator | n.masc | proposer | W7 | |
| lātus | vb.supp.ptc | borne, carried | LRC | |
| praelatus | vb.supp.ptc | preferred, put before | W7 | |
| prolatus | vb.supp.ptc | brought forward | W7 | |
| relatus | vb.supp.ptc | brought back | W7 | |
| sublatus | vb.supp.ptc | taken away, lifted up | W7 | |
| superlatus | vb.supp.ptc | raised high | W7 | |
| talentum | n.neut | unit of weight/money | W7 | |
| Telamon | prop.n.masc | Telamon | W7 | |
| (te)tulī | vb.pret | bore, carried | LRC | |
| toleratus | vb.ptc | tolerated | W7 | |
| tolerō, tolerāre | vb | to bear, endure, sustain | RPN | |
| tollō, tollere, tulī, lātum | vb | to raise, lift up, carry away | RPN | |
| translatus | vb.supp.ptc | translated, carried across | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | tolonium | n.neut | custom-house | W7 |
| Late Latin: | dilatorius | adj | causing delay | W7 |
| illatio, illationis | n.fem | act of inferring | W7 | |
| retaliatus | vb.ptc | repaid, retaliated | W7 | |
| retalio, retaliāre | vb | to repay | W7 | |
| superlativus | adj | superlative | W7 | |
| talio | n.masc | legal retaliation | W7 | |
| telonium | n.neut | custom-house | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | praelatus | n.masc | one receiving preference | W7 |
| New Latin: | oblātus | vb.supp.ptc | oblate | W7 |
| prolātus | vb.supp.ptc | prolate | W7 | |
| Old French: | prelat | n.masc | prelate | W7 |
| Middle French: | superlatif | adj | superlative | W7 |
| French: | philatélie | n.fem | philately | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἀνατολή | n.fem | east | LRC |
| ἀτέλεια | n.fem | tax exemption | LRC | |
| ἀτελής | adj | free from tax/tribute | LRC | |
| τάλαντον | n.neut | scale, balance, unit of weight/money | RPN | |
| τελᾰμών | n.masc | bearer, supporter; carrying-strap | LS | |
| τελέω | vb | to fulfill, complete, execute | LRC | |
| τέλος | n.neut | tax; end, completion, fulfillment | LRC | |
| τελώνης | n.masc | tax/toll-collector | LRC | |
| τελώνιον | n.neut | toll/custom-house | LRC | |
| τλήμων | adj | patient, enduring, suffering | LRC | |
| τλῆναι | vb | to bear, endure, suffer | RPN | |
| τόλμᾰ | n.fem | courage, boldness | LRC | |
| τύλη | n.fem | callous lump | RPN | |
| τύλος | n.masc | knob, knot, callus | RPN | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Kashmiri: | tul | n | weight, balance | RPN |
| tulun | vb | to lift | RPN | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | tulayati | vb | to raise, lift up, weigh | RPN |
| tulā́ | n | scale, balance | RPN | |
| tulā | n | weight | W7 | |
| Bengali: | tulā | vb | to raise, weigh | RPN |
| tul | n | scale, balance | RPN | |
| Hindi: | tolā | n | unit of weight (India) | W7 |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | täl- | vb | to lift, raise; acquire | RPN |
| talle | n | load, burden | RPN | |
| Tocharian A: | täl- | vb | to lift, raise | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| II | = | class 2 |
| III | = | class 3 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pret | = | preterite (tense) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| supp | = | suppletive (form) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |