Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. ter-, terə-, and teri-, trēi-, trī-, also teru- : treu- 'to bore, drill, rub, thresh'
Semantic Field(s): to Bore, to Rub
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Scots Gaelic: | truaghan | n.masc | wretch | GE/W7 |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | trūht | n | trout | W7 |
| turnian, tyrnan | vb | to turn | W7 | |
| þerscold, þrescwald | n.masc | threshold | W7 | |
| þrǣd | n.masc | thread | W7 | |
| þrāwan | vb.str | to throw, cause to twist/turn | ASD/W7 | |
| þrēa | n.fem | threat, rebuke, reproof, infliction | ASD/IEW | |
| þrescan | vb | to thresh | W7 | |
| ðrōwian, ðrōwade, ðrōwad | vb.wk.II | to suffer, endure | LRC | |
| Middle English: | attournen | vb | to attorn | W7 |
| attourney, atturny, aturne(ye) | n | attorney | CDC/W7 | |
| attricioun | n | attrition | W7 | |
| contrit | adj | contrite | W7 | |
| detriment | n | detriment | W7 | |
| drage, drege | n | dredge | W7 | |
| retournen | vb | to return | W7 | |
| septentrion | n | septentrion | W7 | |
| thrawen | vb | to throw | W7 | |
| thred | n | thread | W7 | |
| thresshen | vb | to thresh | W7 | |
| thresshold | n | threshold | W7 | |
| throwen | vb | to throw, cause to twist | W7 | |
| trepane | n | trepan | W7 | |
| tribulacion | n | tribulation | W7 | |
| trout | n | trout | W7 | |
| truant | n | truant | W7 | |
| turn | n | circuit | W7 | |
| turnen | vb | to turn | W7 | |
| English: | atresia | n | closure/absence of body tube/orifice | AHD |
| attorn | vb.intrans | to agree to be tenant to new owner/landlord of same property | AHD/W7 | |
| attorney | n | one legally appointed to transact business | AHD/W7 | |
| attrition | n | abrasion, rubbing things together | AHD/OED | |
| contour | n | outline of curving/irregular figure | AHD/W7 | |
| contrite | adj | grieving/penitent for sin/shortcoming | AHD/W7 | |
| derma | n | dermis: sensitive mesodermic skin layer | AHD/W7 | |
| detour | n | deviation from direct course/usual procedure | AHD/W7 | |
| detriment | n | hurt, damage, injury | AHD/W7 | |
| diatribe | n | prolonged discourse | AHD/W7 | |
| dredge | n | sweetmeat: food rich in sugar | AHD/W7 | |
| dredge | vb.trans | to coat/cover (food) by sprinkling (e.g. with flour) | AHD/W7 | |
| drill | n | tool with edged/pointed end for making holes by rotating/striking | W7 | |
| drill | vb | to bore/pierce with drill | AHD/W7 | |
| monotreme | n | primitive egg-laying mammal | AHD | |
| return | vb | to go/come back again | AHD/W7 | |
| septentrion | n | north, northern regions | AHD/W7 | |
| teredo | n | shipworm: marine clam | AHD/W7 | |
| terete | adj | approx. cylindrical but tapering at both ends | AHD/W7 | |
| Thráin | prop.n | Dwarf name in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| thrash | vb | to thresh, separate seeds from straw/husks by beating | AHD/W7 | |
| thread | n | filaments twisted together into continuous strand | AHD/W7 | |
| thresh | vb | to separate seed from harvested plant | AHD/W7 | |
| threshold | n | sill, stone/plank/timber that lies under door | AHD/W7 | |
| Thrór | prop.n | Dwarf king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| throw, threw, thrown | vb.str | to propel through air by forward motion of hand/arm | AHD/W7 | |
| toreutics | n | metalworking via carving/chasing/embossing | AHD | |
| tour | n | shift, scheduled turn; visit | TLL | |
| trafine, trefine | n.obs | trephine | AHD/W7 | |
| trauma | n | extrinsically caused wound/injury to living tissue | AHD/W7 | |
| trematode | n | parasitic flatworm (e.g. fluke) | AHD/W7 | |
| trepan | n | trephine | AHD/W7 | |
| trephine | n | surgical tool for cutting circular sections | AHD/W7 | |
| triboelectricity | n | electrical charge generated by friction | AHD/W7 | |
| tribology | n | science of surfaces in relative motion | AHD | |
| tribulation | n | distress/suffering caused by oppression/persecution | AHD/W7 | |
| trite | adj | stale, hackneyed from overuse | AHD/W7 | |
| triturate | vb.trans | to grind, crush | AHD/W7 | |
| trogon | n | nonpasserine tropical bird | AHD/W7 | |
| trout | n | fresh-water food fish | AHD/W7 | |
| truant | n | one who shirks duty | AHD/W7 | |
| trypanosome | n | parasitic flagellate protozoan infesting vertebrates | AHD/W7 | |
| trypsin | n | proteolytic enzyme in pancreatic juice | AHD/W7 | |
| turn | n | rotation, revolution, act of turning about axis/center | AHD/W7 | |
| turn | vb | to rotate, revolve, move around axis/center | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | thrēd | n.masc | thread | ASD |
| Dutch: | draad | n.masc | thread | ASD |
| draaijen | vb | to turn, twist | ASD | |
| drillen | vb | to drill | W7 | |
| Old Low German: | thrāan | vb | to turn, twist | ASD |
| thrād | n.masc | thread, string | ASD | |
| Old High German: | drāen | vb | to turn | W7 |
| drājan | vb.wk | to turn, twist | ASD | |
| drāt | n.masc | thread, wire | ASD/W7 | |
| dreskan | vb | to thresh | W7 | |
| drōen, druoen | vb | to suffer | ASD | |
| German: | Draht | n.masc | thread, wire | ASD |
| drehen | vb | to turn | LRC | |
| dreschen | vb | to thresh | LRC | |
| drillen | vb | to drill | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | Þráinn | prop.n | Thráin (Voluspa dwarf) | LRC |
| þreskjöldr | n | threshold | W7 | |
| Þrór | prop.n | Thrór (Voluspa dwarf) | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | þrár | adj | firm, stubborn, obstinate, tenacious | ICE/IEW |
| Icelandic: | þráðr | n.masc | thread | ASD |
| þresköldr | n.masc | threshold | ASD | |
| Danish: | traad | n.masc | thread | ASD |
| Swedish: | tråd | n | thread | TLL |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | attero, atterere | vb | to rub against | W7 |
| attritio, attritionis | n.fem | attrition, action/result of rubbing | W7 | |
| attritus | vb.ptc | rubbed against | W7 | |
| contero, conterere | vb | to grind, bruise | W7 | |
| detrimentum | n.neut | loss, prejudice | W7 | |
| septentrio | n.masc | north wind, North | W7 | |
| septentriones | n.masc.pl | 7 plow oxen, 7 stars of Ursa Major/Minor | W7 | |
| teredo, teredinis | n.fem | teredo, wood worm | W7 | |
| teres, teretis | adj | rounded, well turned | W7 | |
| tergeō, tergēre | vb | to wipe, scour, clean | RPN | |
| tergō, tergere | vb | to wipe, scour, clean | RPN | |
| terō, terere | vb | to rub, wear away | RPN | |
| tornō, tornāre | vb | to turn on a lathe | W7 | |
| tornus | n.masc | lathe | W7 | |
| tragemata | n.neut.pl | sweetmeats | W7 | |
| tribulatio, tribulationis | n.fem | distress, suffering, trying experience | W7 | |
| tribulatus | vb.ptc | oppressed, afflicted | W7 | |
| tribulo, tribulāre | vb | to press, oppress | W7 | |
| tribulum | n.neut | threshing sledge | W7 | |
| triones | n.masc.pl | plow oxen, stars of Ursa Major/Ursa Minor | W7 | |
| trīticum | n | wheat | LRC | |
| tritura | n.fem | threshing, act of rubbing | W7 | |
| tritus | vb.ptc | rubbed | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | trituratus | vb.ptc | threshed | W7 |
| trituro, triturāre | vb | to thresh | W7 | |
| trocta, tructa | n.fem | trout | W7 | |
| Middle Latin: | attornare | vb | to attorn | CDC |
| Medieval Latin: | attritio, attritionis | n.fem | attrition | W7 |
| trepanum | n.neut | trepan, tool for mining | W7 | |
| New Latin: | derma | n.fem | skin layer | W7 |
| trogon | n.neut | trogon | W7 | |
| Trypanosoma | n.fem | (genus name for) trypanosome | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | trigo | n | wheat | LRC |
| Spanish: | alrededor | adv | around | TLL |
| trigo | n | wheat | LRC | |
| Old French: | at(t)orne | n | attorney | CDC |
| at(t)orner, at(o)urner | vb | to attorn | CDC/W7 | |
| attrition | n | attrition | AHD | |
| destor | n.masc | detour, diversion | W7 | |
| destorner | vb | to divert | W7 | |
| torner | vb | to turn | W7 | |
| tour(n) | n.masc | turn, lathe, ring, circuit | W7 | |
| tribulacion | n.fem | tribulation, trying experience | W7 | |
| Middle French: | atorné | vb.ptc | legally appointed | W7 |
| atorner | vb | to appoint as attorney | W7 | |
| contrit | adj | contrite | W7 | |
| détriment | n.masc | detriment, impairment | W7 | |
| dragie | n.fem | candy | W7 | |
| retourner | vb | to turn back | W7 | |
| septentrion | n.masc | the North | W7 | |
| tourner | vb | to turn | W7 | |
| French: | attrition | n | attrition | CDC |
| autour | adv | around | TLL | |
| contour | n.masc | contour, outline | W7 | |
| détour | n.masc | detour, diversion | W7 | |
| tourner | vb | to turn | W7 | |
| tréphine | n.fem | trephine | W7 | |
| Italian: | attorno | adv | around | TLL |
| contornare | vb | to round off, sketch in outline | W7 | |
| contorno | n.masc | contour | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | tárpas | n.masc | space, period | LRC |
| tráukti, tráukia, tráukė | vb | to attract | LRC | |
| trinù, trìnti | vb | to rub | RPN | |
| Latvian: | starp | adv | among, between | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | tьrǫ, trěti | vb | to rub, wear down | RPN |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | διατρῐβή | n.fem | delay; pastime, amusement | LS |
| δια-τρίβω | vb | to spend time, lit. rub between | LS | |
| τείρω | vb | to rub hard, wear away | RPN | |
| τερηδών | n.fem | teredo, wood worm | LS | |
| τετραίνω | vb | to bore, pierce, perforate | LS | |
| τόρνος | n.masc | (carpenter's) compass | LS | |
| τράγημα | n.neut | dessert, sweetmeat | LS | |
| τρᾰγῳδία | n.fem | tragedy | LRC | |
| τραῦμα | n.neut | trauma, damage, defeat | LS | |
| τρῆμα | n.neut | hole, orifice, perforation | LS | |
| trēmatōdēs | adj | pierced with holes | W7 | |
| τρίβω | vb | to rub, thresh, wear out | LRC | |
| τρύπᾰνον | n.neut | trepan, auger, piercing instrument | LS | |
| τρῡπάω | vb | to bore, pierce | LS | |
| τρύπη | n.fem | hole | LS | |
| τρύω | vb | to rub down, wear out | RPN | |
| τρώγω | vb | to gnaw, nibble | LS | |
| τρώκτης | n.masc | gnawer, nibbler | LS | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| II | = | class 2 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| obs | = | obsolete |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GE | = | Colin Mark: The Gaelic-English Dictionary (2003) |
| ICE | = | Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
